Method for producing orthometalated and orthosubstituted metallocenes
The invention relates to compounds having a structural element of formula (I) in an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, wherein: M represents —Li, —MgX 3 , (C 1 -C 18 -Alkyl) 3 Sn—, —ZnX 3 or —B(O—C 1 -C 4 -Alkyl) 2 ; X 1 and X 2 , independent of one another, represent O or N, and C-bound hydrocarbon radicals or heterohydrocarbon radicals are bound to the free bonds of the O and N atoms; group —C═C—, together with C atoms, forms a hydrocarbon aromatic compound and represents X 3 Cl, Br or I. The inventive compounds are easily obtained by directly substituting the hydrogen in the ortho position to the P atom with metalation reagents. The metal atoms can then be substituted by a reactive electrophilic compound. The group —P(X 1 —)(X 2 —) - - - -(BH 3 ) 0,1 can then be converted into a secondary phosphine group. The inventive method enables the production of monophosphines and diphosphines even on a large scale, which are valuable ligands for metal complexes serving as catalysts for, e.g. enantioselective hydrogenations.
1. A process for preparing ferrocene, bisindenylferrocene or ruthenocene having a structural element of the formula I in the aromatic hydrocarbon ring,
where
M is —Li, —MgX 3 , (C 1 -C 18 -alkyl) 3 Sn—, —ZnX 3 or —B(O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 ,
X 1 and X 2 are each, independently of one another, O or N and C-bonded hydrocarbon or heterohydrocarbon radicals are bound to the free bonds of the O or N atoms, the group —C═C— together with carbon atoms forms a hydrocarbon aromatic and
X 3 is Cl, Br or I, characterized in that ferrocene, bisindenylferrocene or ruthenocene having a structural element of the formula II in the aromatic ring,
where X 1 and X 2 are as defined above and the group —C═C— together with carbon atoms forms a hydrocarbon aromatic,
is reacted with at least equivalent amounts of alkyllithium, a magnesium Grignard compound or an aliphatic Li sec-amide or X 3 Mg sec-amide, and, to prepare compounds of the formula I in which M is —MgX 3 , (C 1 -C 18 -alkyl) 3 Sn—, —ZnX 3 or —B(O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , a lithium compound of the formula Ia,
is reacted with at least equivalent amounts of Mg(X 3 ) 2 , Zn(X 3 ) 2 ,(C 1 -C 18 -alkyl) 3 SnX 3 or B(O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 3 .
2. Ferrocene, bisindenylferrocene or ruthenocene having a structural element of the formula I in the aromatic hydrocarbon ring,
where
M, X 1 and X 2 are as defined in claim 1 and the group —C═C— together with carbon atoms forms a hydrocarbon aromatic.
3. Ferrocene, bisindenylferrocene or ruthenocene as claimed in claim 2 , characterized in that they have a ferrocene skeleton and correspond to the formula Ib or Ic,
where
R 5 is C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and preferably a hydrogen atom,
M is —MgCl, —MgBr and preferably Li,
M′ is H, —MgCl, —MgBr or Li and
X 1 and X 2 are each, independently of one another, O or N and C-bonded hydrocarbon or heterohydrocarbon radicals are bound to the free bonds of the O or N atoms.
4. A process for preparing ferrocene, bisindenylferrocene or ruthenocene having a structural element of the formula III,
where
X 1 and X 2 and also the radicals bound to free bonds have the meanings given in claim 1 and E is the radical of a reactive, electrophilic compound which is able to replace a metal bound to hydrocarbon aromatics or a bound metal group, characterized in that ferrocene, bisindenylferrocene or ruthenocene having a structural element of the formula I,
where
M, X 1 and X 2 and the radicals bound to free bonds have the meanings given in claim 1 , is reacted with at least equivalent amounts of a reactive electrophilic compound.
5. A metallocene from the group consisting of ferrocene, bisindenylferrocene and ruthenocene having a structural element of the formula III in one or both cyclopentadienyl rings,
where
E is the radical of a reactive, electrophilic compound which is able to replace a metal bound to hydrocarbon aromatics or a bound metal group, X 1 and X 2 and hydrocarbon radicals bound to the free bonds of the groups X 1 and X 2 have the meanings given in claim 1 .
6. The metallocene as claimed in claim 5 , characterized in that it corresponds to the formula IV,
where
R 5 is C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and preferably a hydrogen atom, E′ is H or independently has one of the meanings of E, and E, X 1 and X 2 and hydrocarbon radicals bound to the free bonds of the groups X 1 and X 2 have the meanings given in claim 5 .
7. The metallocene as claimed in claim 5 , characterized in that it corresponds to the formula Iva,
where
E′ is H or independently has one of the meanings of E,
R 5 is C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and preferably a hydrogen atom and
E, X 1 and X 2 and hydrocarbon radicals bound to the free bonds of the groups X 1 and X 2 have the meanings given in claim 5 .
8. A process for preparing ferrocene, bisindenylferrocene or ruthenocene diphosphines having structural elements of the formula VI in an aromatic hydrocarbon ring,
or having structural elements of the formula VIa in each cyclopentadienyl ring of a metallocene,
where
R 16 is a direct bond or a divalent bridging group, with the sec-phosphino in the bridging group being located in the 1, 2 or 3 position relative to the carbon atom of the aromatic ring, and
R 17 is a substituent which is bound via a carbon atom to the aromatic ring, which comprises the steps:
a) reaction of ferrocenes, bisindenylferrocenes or ruthenocenes having structural elements of the formula II
with metalation reagents to form a ferrocene, bisindenylferrocene or ruthenocene having structural elements of the formula I
where M, X 1 and X 2 and hydrocarbon radicals bound to the free bonds of the groups X 1 and X 2 have the meanings given in claim 1 ,
b) reaction of ferrocenes, bisindenylferrocenes or ruthenocenes having structural elements of the formula I with an electrophilic and reactive compound, wherein
b1) the compound of the formula I is reacted with a sec-phosphine halide to introduce sec-phosphino,
b2) the compound of the formula I is reacted with an electrophilic reactive compound which has a reactive group which can be replaced by sec-phosphino in the 1, 2 or 3 position and the product is subsequently reacted with a metal sec-phosphate or a secondary phosphine to introduce the group —R 16 -sec-phosphino,
b3) the compound of the formula I with an electrophilic organic compound which forms an α-carbon atom to introduce the group —R 17 ,
c) any borane group present is removed from the compounds obtained in steps b1), b2) or B3) and the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 are subsequently split off to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and the Cl or Br atoms are then replaced by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound to form the sec-phosphino group, or
d) the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 are split off to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and the Cl or Br atoms are then replaced by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group and the borane group is then removed.
9. A process for preparing 1-(α-substituted ortho-sec-phosphinobenzyl)-2-sec-phosphinoferrocenes of the formula VII in the form of their racemates, mixtures of diastereomers or essentially pure diastereomers,
where
R 21 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or F—, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl- or C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl,
R 22 is C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 -acyloxy or sec-amino and
R 23 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy,
which comprises the steps:
a) reaction of a compound of the formula VIII
where
M and the group —P(X 1 —)(X 2 —) - - - (BH 3 ) 0.1 are as defined in claim 1 , with a compound of the formula IX
where Y 1 is Cl, Br or I and R 23 and R 21 are as defined in claim 1 , to form a compound of the formula X,
b) C 1 -C 4 -alkylation or C 1 -C 8 -acylation of the OH group in the compound of the formula X or replacement of the acyloxy group formed by sec-amino,
c) replacement of the halogen Y 1 in compounds of the formula X by sec-phosphino and subsequent conversion of the group —P(X 1 —)(X 2 —) - - - (BH 3 ) 0.1 into a sec-phosphino group, or conversion of the group —P(X 1 —)(X 2 —) - - - (BH 3 ) 0.1 firstly into a sec-phosphino group and subsequent replacement of the halogen Y 1 in compounds of the formula X by sec-phosphino,
d) preparation of the diphosphine of the formula VII, by
d1) removing any borane group present from a compound of the formula X, then splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group, or
d2) splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group and then removing the borane group.
10. A compound of the formula XI in the form of a racemate, diastereomer or pair of diastereomers,
where
X 1 and X 2 are each, independently of one another, O or N and C-bonded hydrocarbon or heterohydrocarbon radicals are bound to the free bonds of the O or N atoms, R 21 , R 23 and Y 1 are as defined in claim 9 , or (X 1 —) and (X 2 —) in the group —P(X 1 —)(X 2 —) - - - (BH 3 ) 0.1 are Cl or Br, and R 24 is —OH, C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 -acyloxy or sec-amino.
11. A process for preparing compounds of the formula XII in the form of racemates, diastereomers and pairs of diastereomers,
which comprises the steps
a) reaction of a compound of the formula XIV
where
M, and the group —P(X 1 —)(X 2 —) - - - (BH 3 ) 0.1 are as defined in claim 1 , with a sec-phosphine halide (chloride or bromide) to produce compounds of the formula XVI,
b) preparation of diphosphines of the formulae XII by
b1) removing any borane group present from a compound of the formula XVI or XVII, then splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group, or
b2) splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group and then removing the borane group.
12. The process as claimed in claim 8 for preparing compounds of the formula XXIV in the form of racemates, diastereomers and pairs of diastereomers,
where
R′ 21 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 -alkyl,
R′ 22 is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or F—, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl- or C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl,
which comprises the steps
a) reaction of a compound of the formula XX,
with an aldehyde or ketone of the formula R′ 21 R′ 22 C(O) to form a compound of the formula XXV,
b) preparation of compounds of the formula XXVI,
by
b1) removing any borane group present from a compound of the formula XXV, then splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)-hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group, or
b2) splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group and then removing the borane group,
c) acylating the compound of the formula XXVI, for example by means of a carboxylic anhydride, and
d) replacing the C 1 -C 8 -acyloxy group formed by means of a secondary phosphine to give compounds of the formula XXIV.
13. The process as claimed in claim 8 for preparing compounds of the formula XXIX in the form of racemates, diastereomers and pairs of diastereomers,
which comprises the steps
a) reaction of a compound of the formula XX
where M is —Sn(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 3 or —ZnX 3 , X 1 and X 2 are each, independently of one another, O or N and C-bonded hydrocarbon or heterohydrocarbon radicals are bound to the free bonds of the O or N atoms, with 1-bromo-2-iodobenzene or 1,2-diiodobenzene in the presence of a Pd catalyst to form a compound of the formula XXX,
where Y 2 is bromine or iodine,
b) to prepare monophosphines of the formula XXXI
b1) removing any borane group present from a compound of the formula XXX, then splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)-hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group, or
b2) splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group and then removing the borane group, and
c) then replacing the bromine or iodine atom by a sec-phosphino group by metalation by means of a lithium alkyl (butyllithium) and subsequent reaction with a sec-phosphine halide, or
d) to prepare compounds of the formula XXXII
reacting a compound of the formula XX with ortho-sec-phosphinophenyl iodide in the presence of metal halides such as ZnBr 2 and Pd catalysts, and
d1) removing any borane group present from a compound of the formula XXXII, then splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)-hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group, or
d2) splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group and then removing the borane group.
14. The process as claimed in claim 8 for preparing compounds of the formula XXXV in the form of racemates, diastereomers and pairs of diastereomers,
where
R 24 is a radical of the formula —CR 25 R 26 —Y 3 or a group R 28 ,
R 25 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or F—, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl- or C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl,
R 26 is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or F—, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl- or C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl,
Y 3 is C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 -acyloxy or sec-amino and
R 28 is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or F—, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl- or C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl,
which comprises the steps
a) reaction of a compound of the formula XXXVI
where
X 1 and X 2 are each, independently of one another, O or N and C-bonded hydrocarbon or heterohydrocarbon radicals are bound to the free bonds of the O or N atoms, with an aldehyde or ketone or imine of the formula CR 25 R 26 ═Y 4 , where Y 4 is ═O or ═N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl), or with a halide R 28 Y 6 , where Y 6 is Cl, Br or iodine, to form compounds of the formula XXXVII
where
R 27 is the group —CR 25 R 26 —Y 5 or R 28 , where R 25 and R 26 are as defined above and Y 5 is —OH or —NH(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl), alkylating the NH group, if appropriate alkylating or acylating the OH group and, if appropriate, replacing the acyloxy group by sec-amino and
b) to prepare compounds of the formula XXXV
b1) removing any borane group present from a compound of the formula XXXVII, then splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)-hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group, or
b2) splitting off the radicals (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 1 , (hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 or X 1 -(hetero)hydrocarbon-X 2 to form a —PCl 2 group or —PBr 2 group and then replacing the Cl or Br atoms by a hydrocarbon radical by means of an organometallic compound (Grignard reagent) to form the sec-phosphino group and then removing the borane group.