Superoxidant poiser for groundwater and soil treatment with in-situ oxidation-reduction and acidity-basicity adjustment
Equipment and process by which an operator can set (or program) a time sequence of coatings of oxygen with increasing oxidation potential for in-situ treatment (chemical reaction) of organic compounds ranging from superoxidation (catalyzed ozone) to reduction conditions involving hydrogen sulfide gas is described. The equipment makes use of oxygen in a combination of gaseous and liquid forms to produce microbubbles of, e.g., different composition of oxygen forms possessing peroxides, superoxides, and hydroperoxides with increasing oxidative potential. The oxidative potential of the reactive mixture can be set to more cost-effectively degrade byproducts of contaminant decomposition without reformulation and reinjection. A secondary advantage comes with in-situ adjustment of pH or acidity/basicity.
1. An apparatus comprises:
a mechanism to deliver oxidant and fluid to a diffuser;
a diffuser that allows delivery of the oxidant and the fluid to a soil formation, with one of the oxidant and fluid forming a coating over the other of the oxidant and fluid; and
a controller responsive to a signal that corresponds to a determined oxidation potential of the soil formation, to produce a signal that couples to the diffuser a source of oxidant selected from a plurality of sources of oxidant of differing oxidation potential, to adjust and maintain a selected molar ratio of oxidant to contaminant present in the soil formation.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising an ozone generator and wherein the oxidant is ozone.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the ozone is delivered to the diffuser, which is a microporous diffuser, and the ozone is delivered in a molar ratio that is varied according to the output signal from the controller.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the diffuser is a microporous diffuser that has a porosity characteristic that permits bubbles of 0.3-200 microns diameter to be released into the surrounding formation.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
the plurality of sources of oxidant of different oxidation potential to provide the oxidant.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising:
a manifold coupled to the plural sources and the diffuser and controlled by the controller to select one of the sources.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the oxidants include, oxygen, ozone, a hydroperoxide that is a substantial byproduct of reactions with the oxidant and the contaminants, formic peracid, hydromethyl hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, sodium permanganate, and potassium permanganate.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the oxidants include, oxygen, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a well having a casing with an inlet screen and outlet screen to promote a recirculation of water into the casing and through surrounding ground area, with the diffuser disposed in the well.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein controlling the oxidation potential allows for an efficient reaction without excessive unrelated products or byproducts.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the mechanism includes an air pump to deliver a gaseous oxidant to the diffuser.
12. An apparatus, comprises:
a microporous diffuser;
a mechanism to deliver an oxidant or a reductant to the microporous diffuser; and
a controller responsive to a signal that corresponds to a determined oxidation-reduction potential of the soil formation to select oxidant or reductant to deliver to the microporous diffuser to adjust a molar ratio of the oxidant or reductant to contaminant present in the soil formation.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the reductant is hydrogen.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the reductant is nitrogen-diluted hydrogen.
15. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the reductant is hydrogen sulfide.
16. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the reductant is a liquid and is used to form a coaling on bubbles from the microporous diffuser.
17. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the reductant includes hydrogen gas and dithiosulphite liquid and is used to form a coating on bubbles of hydrogen gas from the microporous diffuser.
18. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the reductant is lactate and is used to form a coating on bubbles from the microporous diffuser.
19. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the reductant is nitrogen-diluted hydrogen and dithiosulphite liquid that is used to form a coating on bubbles from the microporous diffuser.
20. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising:
a well having a casing with an inlet screen and outlet screen to promote a recirculation of water into the casing and through surrounding ground area, with the diffuser disposed in the well.
21. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising:
a second microporous diffuser located below a liquid injection screen, the second microporous diffuser releasing microbubbles and the screen releasing liquid through which the microbubbles will pass to coat the microbubbles with the liquid.
22. An apparatus comprises:
a first mechanism to deliver an oxidant;
a second mechanism to deliver a liquid;
a first microporous diffuser coupled to the first and second mechanisms that allows delivery of the oxidant and the liquid to a soil formation, with the liquid forming a coating over the oxidant;
a second microporous diffuser coupled to the first and second mechanisms that allows delivery of the oxidant to the soil formation, with the second microporous diffuser arranged in the soil formation relative to the first microporous diffuser, to allow the second microporous diffuser to release oxidant under the liquid coated oxidant; and
a controller responsive to a signal that corresponds to a determined oxidation potential of the soil formation to adjust and maintain a selected molar ratio of oxidant to contaminant present in the soil formation.
23. The apparatus of claim 22 comprising an ozone generator and wherein the oxidant is ozone.
24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the ozone is delivered in a molar ratio that is varied in accordance with an output signal from the controller.
25. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the microporous diffusers have a porosity characteristic that permits bubbles of 0.3-200 microns diameter to be released into the surrounding formation.
26. The apparatus of claim 22 further comprising:
a plurality of sources of oxidant of different oxidation potentials to provide the oxidant; and
the controller is responsive to the signal that corresponds to a determined oxidation potential of the site, and further includes circuitry to select one of the sources of oxidant to deliver to the diffuser to adjust and maintain the selected molar ratio of oxidant to contaminant present in the site.
27. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the oxidants include, oxygen. ozone, a hydroperoxide that is a substantial byproduct of reactions with the oxidant and the contaminants, and hydrogen peroxide or sodium permanganate.
28. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the oxidants include, oxygen, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide.
29. The apparatus of claim 22 further comprising:
a well having a casing with an inlet screen and outlet screen to promote a recirculation of water into the casing and through surrounding ground area, with the first diffuser disposed in the well and with the well having a borehole that is disposed beneath the length of the casing and with the second microporous diffuser disposed in the borehole.
30. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein sources of a reducing agent are coupled to either or both of the first mechanism and the second mechanism; and
the controller causes the first and/or second mechanisms to deliver the reducing agent or agents to the first and/or second microporous diffusers in response to receiving a signal indication that the surrounding soil formation has an oxidation potential that exceeds a threshold.
31. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the mechanism includes an air pump to deliver a gaseous oxidant to the first microporous diffuser and second microporous diffuser.
32. The apparatus of claim 22 further comprising at least one sensor that produces a signal related to determined oxidation potential.
33. The apparatus of claim 22 further comprising at least one sensor that produces a signal related to determined oxidation potential, the sensor disposed in a monitoring well in the radius of influence of the apparatus.
34. An apparatus comprising:
a first mechanism to deliver a reductant;
a second mechanism to deliver a liquid;
a first microporous diffuser coupled to the first and second mechanisms that allows delivery of the reductant and liquid to a soil formation with the liquid forming a coating over the reductant;
a second microporous diffuser coupled to the first and second mechanisms that allows delivery of the reductant to the soil formation with the second microporous diffuser to release reductant under the liquid-coated reductant; and
a controller responsive to a signal that corresponds to a determined oxidation potential of the soil formation to adjust and maintain a selected molar ratio of reductant to contaminant present in the soil formation.
35. The apparatus of claim 34 further comprising:
a nitrogen generator and wherein the reductant is hydrogen gas that is diluted with nitrogen gas.
36. The apparatus of claim 34 further comprising:
a nitrogen generator and wherein the reductant is lactate solution diluted with nitrogen gas.
37. The apparatus of claim 34 wherein the reductant is hydrogen sulfide gas.
38. The apparatus of claim 34 wherein the reductant is sodium dithionate.
39. The apparatus of claim 34 wherein the reductant is sulfur dioxide.
40. The apparatus of claim 34 further comprising at least one sensor that produces a signal related to determined oxidation potential.
41. The apparatus of claim 34 further comprising at least one sensor that produces a signal related to determined oxidation potential, the sensor disposed in a monitoring well in the radius of influence of the apparatus.