Methods for manipulating droplets by electrowetting-based techniques
Methods are provided for manipulating droplets. The methods include providing the droplet on a surface comprising an array of electrodes and a substantially co-planer array of reference elements, wherein the droplet is disposed on a first one of the electrodes, and the droplet at least partially overlaps a second one of the electrodes and an intervening one of the reference elements disposed between the first and second electrodes. The methods further include activating the first and second electrodes to spread at least a portion of the droplet across the second electrode and deactivating the first electrode to move the droplet from the first electrode to the second electrode.
1. A method for splitting a starting droplet into two or more droplets, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a starting droplet on a surface of a substrate, the substrate comprising an array of drive electrodes and an array of reference elements, wherein the drive electrode array comprises at least three drive electrodes comprising a first outer drive electrode, a medial drive electrode adjacent to the first outer drive electrode, and a second outer drive electrode adjacent to the medial drive electrode, and the starting droplet is initially disposed on at least one of the three drive electrodes and is adjacent to at least one other of the three drive electrodes;
(b) biasing each of the three drive electrodes to position the starting droplet across the three drive electrodes and grounding or referencing the starting droplet using the reference elements; and
(c) biasing the medial drive electrode to split the starting droplet into first and second split droplets, whereby the first split droplet is disposed on the first outer drive electrode and the second split droplet is disposed on the second outer drive electrode.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the biasing step of step (b) comprises selectively biasing the three drive electrodes to a drive voltage, and the biasing step of step (c) comprises biasing the medial drive electrode to a different voltage from the drive voltage.
3. The method according to claim 1 comprising the step of using an electrode selector to control the biasing steps.
4. The method according to claim 3 wherein the electrode selector comprises an electronic processor.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the starting droplet is split into first and second split droplets of approximate equal volume proportions.
6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the starting droplet is split into first and second split droplets of approximate differing volume proportions.
7. A method for splitting a starting droplet into two or more split droplets, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a starting droplet on a surface of a substrate, the substrate comprising an array of drive electrodes and an array of reference elements, wherein the drive electrode array comprises at least three drive electrodes comprising a first outer drive electrode, a medial drive electrode adjacent to the first outer drive electrode, and a second outer drive electrode adjacent to the medial drive electrode, and the starting droplet is initially disposed on at least one of the three drive electrodes and is adjacent to at least one other of the three drive electrodes;
(b) biasing the medial drive electrode to position the starting droplet and grounding or referencing the starting droplet using the reference elements, whereby the starting droplet at least partially overlaps the three drive electrodes; and
(c) biasing the medial drive electrode and at least one of the first and second outer drive electrodes to split the starting droplet into first and second split droplets, whereby the first split droplet is disposed on the first outer drive electrode and the second split drive droplet is disposed on the second outer electrode.
8. The method according to claim 7 wherein the biasing step of element (b) comprises selectively biasing the medial drive electrode to a drive voltage, and the biasing step of element (c) comprises de-coupling the medial electrode from the drive voltage.
9. The method according to claim 7 comprising the step of using an electrode selector to control the biasing steps.
10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the electrode selector comprises an electronic processor.
11. The method according to claim 7 wherein the starting droplet is split into first and second split droplets of approximate equal volume proportions.
12. The method according to claim 7 wherein the starting droplet is split into first and second split droplets of approximate differing volume proportions.