Method of producing membrane electrode assemblies for use in proton exchange membrane and direct methanol fuel cells
Compositions and methods for the manufacture of electrodes for fuel cells. The compositions and methods are particularly useful for the manufacture of anodes and cathodes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, particularly direct methanol fuel cells. The methods can utilize direct-write tools to deposit ink compositions and form functional layers of a membrane electrode assembly having controlled properties and enhanced performance.
1. An electrode for a direct methanol fuel cell, comprising:
a) a proton exchange membrane;
b) a first electrocatalyst layer comprising first methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles disposed on said proton exchange membrane, said first methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles comprising a first metallic active species phase dispersed on a support phase;
c) a second electrocatalyst layer comprising second methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles disposed on said first electrocatalyst layer, said second methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles comprising a second metallic active species phase dispersed on a support phase and wherein said second methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles have an average particle size that is larger than said first methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles; and
d) a fluid distribution layer disposed over said second electrocatalyst layer.
2. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said second methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles have a different active species loading than said first methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles.
3. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said first methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles have an average aggregate particle size of at least about 1 μm and wherein said second methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles have an average aggregate particle size of not greater than about 10 μm.
4. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said first methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles have a higher active species phase loading than said second methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles.
5. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said fluid distribution layer is a liquid distribution layer.
6. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said fluid distribution layer is a gas distribution layer.
7. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said first and second electrocatalyst layers have a combined thickness of not greater than about 200 μm.
8. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said first active species phase and said second active species phase have the same composition.
9. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein each of said first active species phase and said second active species phase comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ag, Pd, Ru, Os and their alloys.
10. An electrode for a direct methanol fuel cell, comprising:
a) a proton exchange membrane;
b) a first electrocatalyst layer comprising first electrocatalyst particles disposed on first regions of said proton exchange membrane;
c) a second electrocatalyst layer comprising second electrocatalyst particles disposed on second regions of said proton exchange membrane that are different than said first regions, wherein said second electrocatalyst particles have an average particle size that is larger than said first electrocatalyst particles; and
d) a fluid distribution layer disposed over said first and second electrocatalyst layers.
11. An electrode as recited in claim 10 , wherein said second electrocatalyst particles have a different composition than said first electrocatalyst particles.
12. An electrode as recited in claim 10 , wherein said first electrocatalyst particles have an average aggregate particle size of at least about 1 μm and wherein said second electrocatalyst particles have an average aggregate particle size of not greater than about 10 μm.
13. An electrode as recited in claim 10 , wherein said first and second electrocatalyst particles comprise an active species phase dispersed on a support phase, and wherein said first electrocatalyst particles have a higher active species phase loading than said second electrocatalyst particles.
14. An electrode as recited in claim 10 , wherein said fluid distribution layer is a liquid distribution layer.
15. An electrode as recited in claim 10 , wherein said fluid distribution layer is a gas distribution layer.
16. An electrode as recited in claim 10 , wherein each of said first electrocatalyst particles and said second electrocatalyst particles are methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles.
17. An electrode as recited in claim 16 , wherein each of said first methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles and said second methanol oxidation electrocatalyst particles comprise a metallic active species phase dispersed on a support phase.
18. An electrode as recited in claim 16 , wherein each of said first active species phase and said second active species phase comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ag, Pd, Ru, Os and their alloys.
19. An electrode as recited in claim 18 , wherein each of said first and second electrocatalyst particles comprises an active species phase dispersed on a support phase, and wherein said second electrocatalyst particles have a different active species loading than said first electrocatalyst particles.
20. An electrode as recited in claim 18 , wherein said fluid distribution layer is a liquid distribution layer.
21. An electrode as recited in claim 18 , wherein said fluid distribution layer is a gas distribution layer.
22. An electrode as recited in claim 18 , wherein said first and second electrocatalyst layers have a combined thickness of not greater than about 200 μm.
23. An electrode for a direct methanol fuel cell, comprising:
a) a proton exchange membrane;
b) a first electrocatalyst layer comprising first electrocatalyst particles disposed on said proton exchange membrane;
c) a second electrocatalyst layer comprising second electrocatalyst particles disposed on said first electrocatalyst layer, wherein said second electrocatalyst particles have an average particle size that is larger than said first electrocatalyst particles; and
d) a fluid distribution layer disposed over said second electrocatalyst layer,
wherein said first electrocatalyst particles have an average aggregate particle size of at least about 1 μm and wherein said second electrocatalyst particles have an average aggregate particle size of not greater than about 10 μm.
24. An electrode as recited in claim 23 , wherein said first electrocatalyst particles have a higher active species phase loading than said second electrocatalyst particles.