Non-destructive imaging, characterization or measurement of thin items using laser-generated lamb waves
A laser-based ultrasonic technique for the inspection of thin plates and membranes employs an amplitude-modulated laser source to excite narrow bandwidth Lamb waves. The dominant feature in the acoustic spectrum is a sharp resonance peak that occurs at the minimum frequency of the first-order symmetric Lamb mode, where the group velocity of the Lamb wave goes to zero while the phase velocity remains finite. Experimental results with the laser source and receiver on epicenter demonstrate that the zero group velocity resonance generated with a low power modulated excitation source can be detected using an optical probe such as a Michelson interferometer coupled to a lock-in amplifier. This resonance peak is sensitive to the thickness and mechanical properties of plates and may be suitable, for example, for the measurement and mapping of nanoscale thickness variations.
1. A method, comprising:
directing a source laser beam to a test location on a thin item, the source laser beam being amplitude modulated in a manner effective to excite a predetermined Lamb wave at a detection location of the item, the predetermined Lamb wave having zero group velocity and a finite phase velocity;
sensing vibration of the item at the detection location in a frequency range in which a resonance peak corresponding to the predetermined Lamb wave is expected to be found; and
detecting the resonance peak and calculating a value of a predetermined characteristic of the resonance peak,
wherein the predetermined characteristic is selected from the group consisting of a center frequency of the resonance peak and a quality factor (Q) of the resonance peak, and further comprising (1) in the case that the predetermined characteristic is the center frequency of the resonance peak, converting the center frequency of the resonance peak to a corresponding thickness value representing the thickness of the item at the test location, and (2) in the case that the predetermined characteristic is the quality factor of the resonance peak, converting the quality factor of the resonance peak to a corresponding attenuation value representing the attenuation of the item at the test location.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the predetermined Lamb wave is a symmetric, first-order (S 1 ) Lamb wave.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the detection location is co-incident with the test location.
4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the test location is on a first surface of the item and the detection location is on a second surface of the thin item directly opposite the test location.
5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein sensing the vibration of the item comprises utilizing an optical probe coupled to the detection location.
6. A method according to claim 5 , wherein the detection location is co-incident with the test location.
7. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the source laser beam is a continuous-wave laser beam modulated by a substantially sinusoidal modulating signal swept across the frequency range in which the resonance peak is expected to be found.
8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the source laser beam is a pulsed laser beam having pulse width sufficiently short to generate substantial energy across the frequency range in which the resonance peak is expected to be found.
9. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the thin item has a non-planar curved shape.
10. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the test location comprises a functionalized surface of the item operative to selectively retain a substance whose presence is to be detected, and wherein the predetermined characteristic of the resonance peak is a characteristic whose value is sensitive to the presence or absence of the substance on the functionalized surface.
11. Apparatus, comprising:
source laser apparatus operative to direct a source laser beam to a test location on a thin item, the source laser beam being amplitude modulated in a manner effective to excite a predetermined Lamb wave at a detection location of the item, the predetermined Lamb wave having zero group velocity and a finite phase velocity;
a detector operative to detect vibration of the item at the detection location in a frequency range in which a resonance peak corresponding to the predetermined Lamb wave is expected to be found; and
an analyzer operative to detect the resonance peak and calculate a value of a predetermined characteristic of the resonance peak,
wherein the predetermined characteristic is selected from the group consisting of a center frequency of the resonance peak and a quality factor (Q) of the resonance peak, and further comprising (1) in the case that the predetermined characteristic is the center frequency of the resonance peak, converting the center frequency of the resonance peak to a corresponding thickness value representing the thickness of the item at the test location, and (2) in the case that the predetermined characteristic is the quality factor of the resonance peak, converting the quality factor of the resonance peak to a corresponding attenuation value representing the attenuation of the item at the test location.
12. Apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the predetermined Lamb wave is a symmetric, first-order (S 1 ) Lamb wave.
13. Apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the analyzer includes an optical probe coupled to the detection location to detect the vibration of the item.
14. Apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the optical probe comprises an optical interferometer.
15. Apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the optical probe comprises a piezo-optic detector.
16. Apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the optical probe comprises a knife-edge detector.
17. Apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the detection location is co-incident with the test location.
18. Apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the source laser beam is a continuous-wave laser beam modulated by a substantially sinusoidal modulating signal swept across the frequency range in which the resonance peak is expected to be found.
19. Apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the source laser beam is a pulsed laser beam having pulse width sufficiently short to generate substantial energy across the frequency range in which the resonance peak is expected to be found.