Method of fabricating a low, dark-current germanium-on-silicon pin photo detector
A method of fabricating a low, dark-current germanium-on-silicon PIN photo detector includes preparing a P-type silicon wafer; implanting the P-type silicon wafer with boron ions; activating the boron ions to form a P+ region on the silicon wafer; forming a boron-doped germanium layer on the P+ silicon surface; depositing an intrinsic germanium layer on the boron-doped germanium layer; cyclic annealing, including a relatively high temperature first anneal step and a relatively low temperature second anneal step; repeating the first and second anneal steps for about twenty cycles, thereby forcing crystal defects to the P+ germanium layer; implanting ions in the surface of germanium layer to form an N+ germanium surface layer and a PIN diode; activating the N+ germanium surface layer by thermal anneal; and completing device according to known techniques to form a low dark-current germanium-on-silicon PIN photodetector.
1. A method of fabricating a low, dark-current germanium-on-silicon PIN photodetector, comprising:
preparing a P-type silicon wafer;
implanting the P-type silicon wafer with boron ions;
activating the boron ions to form a P+ silicon surface region on the silicon wafer;
forming a boron-doped germanium layer on the P+ silicon surface, including in-situ deposition of a doped p-type germanium layer, wherein the dopant is boron at a concentration is between about 5·10 17 cm +3 to 2·10 20 cm −3 , and wherein the thickness of the layer is between about 50 nm to 500 nm;
depositing an intrinsic germanium surface layer on the boron-doped germanium layer;
cyclic annealing, including heating in a first anneal step at a temperature of about 880° C. for about five minutes, followed by heating in a second anneal step at a temperature of about 760° C. for about five minutes, and repeating the first and second anneal steps for about twenty cycles, thereby forcing crystal defects to the boron-doped germanium layer;
implanting ions in the germanium surface layer to form an N+ germanium surface layer and a PIN diode; and
activating the N+ germanium layer by thermal anneal.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said depositing an intrinsic-germanium surface layer on the boron-doped germanium layer includes depositing an intrinsic germanium layer having a thickness of between about 300 nm to 4000 nm.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said implanting ions in the germanium surface layer to form an N+ germanium layer and a PIN diode includes implanting ions taken from the group of ions consisting of phosphorus ions and arsenic ions, and which further includes implanting at a dose of between about 5·10 14 cm −2 to 1·10 16 cm −2 , and at an energy of between about 5 keV to 100 keV.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said activating the N+ germanium layer by thermal anneal includes thermal anneal at a temperature of between about 500° C. to 800° C., and an annealing time of between about 1 second to 10 hours.
5. A method of fabricating a low, dark-current germanium-on-silicon PIN photodetector, comprising:
preparing a P-type silicon wafer;
implanting the P-type silicon wafer with boron ions;
activating the boron ions to form a P+ silicon surface on the silicon wafer;
forming a boron-doped germanium layer on the P+ region, which includes forming a germanium layer by a method taken from the group of methods consisting of in-situ deposition of a doped p-type germanium layer, wherein the dopant is boron at a concentration is between about 5·10 17 cm −3 to 2·10 20 cm −3 , and wherein the thickness of the layer is between about 50 nm to 500 nm and growth of an intrinsic germanium layer, which is implanted with boron ions at an energy of between about 5 keV to 100 keV, and an ion dose of between about 1·10 14 cm −2 to 1·10 16 cm −2 ;
depositing an intrinsic germanium surface layer on the boron-doped germanium layer;
cyclic annealing, including heating in a first anneal step at a temperature of about 880° C. for about five minutes, followed by heating in a second anneal step at a temperature of about 760° C. for about five minutes, and repeating the first and second anneal steps for about twenty cycles, thereby forcing crystal defects to the boron-doped germanium layer;
implanting ions in the germanium surface layer to form an N+ germanium surface layer and a PIN diode; and
activating the N+ germanium layer by thermal anneal.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said depositing an intrinsic germanium surface layer on the boron-doped germanium layer includes depositing an intrinsic germanium layer having a thickness of between about 300 run to 4000 nm.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein said implanting ions in the germanium surface layer to form an N+ germanium layer and a PIN diode includes implanting ions taken from the group of ions consisting of phosphorus ions and arsenic ions, and which further includes implanting at a dose of between about 5·10 14 cm −2 to 1·10 16 cm −2 , and at an energy of between about 5 keV to 100 keV.
8. The method of claim 5 wherein said activating the N+ germanium layer by thermal anneal includes thermal anneal at a temperature of between about 500° C. to 800° C., and an annealing time of between about 1 second to 10 hours.
9. A method of fabricating a low, dark-current germanium-on-silicon PIN photodetector, comprising:
preparing a P-type silicon wafer;
implanting the P-type silicon wafer with boron ions;
activating the boron ions to form a P+ surface region on the silicon wafer;
forming a boron-doped germanium layer on the P+ surface region, includes in-situ deposition of a doped p-type germanium layer, wherein the dopant is boron at a concentration is between about 5·10 17 cm −3 to 2·10 20 cm −3 , and wherein the thickness of the layer is between about 50 nm to 500 nm;
depositing an intrinsic germanium surface layer on the boron-doped germanium layer;
cyclic annealing, to force crystal defects to the boron-doped germanium layer;
implanting ions in the germanium surface layer to form an N+ germanium layer and a PIN diode; and
activating the N+ germanium surface layer by thermal anneal.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said depositing an intrinsic germanium surface layer on the boron-doped germanium layer includes depositing an intrinsic germanium layer having a thickness of between about 300 nm to 4000 nm.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein said implanting ions in the germanium surface layer to form an N+ germanium layer and a PIN diode includes implanting ions taken from the group of ions consisting of phosphorus ions and arsenic ions, and which further includes implanting at a dose of between about 5·10 14 cm −2 to 1·10 16 cm −2 , and at an energy of between about 5 keV to 100 keV.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein said activating the N+ germanium layer by thermal anneal includes thermal anneal at a temperature of between about 500° C. to 800° C., and an annealing time of between about 1 second to 10 hours.
13. The method of claim 9 wherein said cyclic anneal includes heating in a first anneal step at; a temperature of about 880° C. for about five minutes, followed by heating in a second anneal step at a temperature of about 760° C. for about five minutes, and repeating the first and second anneal steps for about twenty cycles.