Single step gas phase flame synthesis method to produce sub-10 nanometer sized rare earth doped nanoparticles
Methods for forming rare earth element doped oxide, oxyhalide and oxysulfide activated nanoparticles by the following method steps: (a) providing a precursor solution of a water- or alcohol-soluble host metal salt or host metalloid compound and one or more water- or alcohol-soluble rare earth element salts in a polar solution; (b) forming an aerosol of the precursor solution and oxygen; (c) feeding the aerosol to a heated Laval tube (d) igniting the aerosol with a reactive gas flame at the apex of the Laval tube to pyrolyze the salts; and (e) expanding and cooling the pyrolysis gases emerging from the Laval tube so that rare earth element doped nanoparticles precipitate therefrom; wherein one or more of the aerosol particle size, flow rate through the Laval tube and pyrolysis temperature are selected to provide a predetermined particle size and degree of crystallinity without particle aggregation. Rare earth element doped oxide, oxyhalide and oxysulfide activated mono-disperse nanoparticles are also disclosed.
1. A method for forming rare earth element doped oxide, oxyhalide and oxysulfide activated nanoparticles, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a precursor solution comprising a water- or alcohol-soluble host metal salt or host metalloid compound and one or more water- or alcohol-soluble rare earth element salts in a polar solution;
(b) forming an aerosol comprising said precursor solution and oxygen;
(c) feeding said aerosol to a heated Laval tube
(d) igniting said aerosol with a reactive gas flame at the apex of said Laval tube to pyrolyze said salts; and
(e) expanding and cooling the pyrolysis gases emerging from the Laval tube so that rare earth element doped nanoparticles precipitate therefrom;
wherein one or more of the aerosol particle size, flow rate through the Laval tube and pyrolysis temperature are selected to provide a predetermined particle size and degree of crystallinity without particle aggregation.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more of pyrolysis temperature, aerosol particle size and flow rate through the Laval tube are selected to provide essentially monodisperse activated nanoparticles with a dispersed crystallite particle size below 10 nm.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said host metal is selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, yttrium, lead, zinc, cadmium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminum, radium and mixtures thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said metalloid compound comprises silicon or germanium.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said polar solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, hexanol, ethylene glycol, and combinations thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said rare earth element dopant salts are represented by the formula:
REX 3 .y H 2 O
wherein RE is a rare earth element, y is 4, 5, 6 or 7 and X is an anion forming a water or alcohol soluble carbonate, hydroxide, halide or nitrate salt.
7. The method of claim 1 or claim 6 , wherein said rare earth element dopant is selected from the group consisting of europium, cerium, terbium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein said rare earth element dopant is selected from one of the following combinations: ytterbium and erbium, ytterbium and holmium or ytterbium and thulium.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said reactive gas is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, butylenes, n-butane, iso-butane, n-butene, iso-butene, n-pentane, iso-pentane, propene, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon fuels, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and mixtures thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said reactive gas is supplied with a co-flow of oxygen.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the overall combined molar concentration of host metal salt or host metalloid compound and rare earth element salt(s) in the polar solvent is from about 0.0001 to about 2.0 M.