Catalyst manufacture
A method is described for lowering the nitrate content in a cobalt catalyst precursor formed by impregnating a catalyst support with cobalt nitrate, comprising calcining the impregnated support in air to effect partial denitrification and subsequently heating the calcined impregnated support to a temperature below 250° C. in the presence of a gas mixture comprising 0.1-10% hydrogen by volume in an inert gas.
1. A method for lowering nitrate content in a cobalt catalyst precursor comprising the steps of (i) impregnating a catalyst support with an aqueous solution of cobalt nitrate, (ii) calcining the impregnated support in air at a temperature in the range 130-500° C. to effect partial denitrification and form Co 3 O 4 and (iii) subsequently heating the calcined impregnated support comprising Co 3 O 4 to a temperature below 250° C. in the presence of a gas mixture comprising 0.1-10% hydrogen by volume in an inert gas to form a catalyst precursor, wherein the temperature and hydrogen content of the heating step are selected to reduce nitrate content and avoid causing any reduction of the cobalt to metallic form, and wherein the heating step (iii) is not performed in catalyst reduction equipment, a hydrogenation reactor, or a Fischer-Tropsch reactor.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the maximum calcination temperature is ≦400° C.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the heating step of the calcined impregnated support is performed at a temperature above 50° C.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the inert gas is nitrogen.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the hydrogen concentration in the inert gas is 1 to 5% by volume.
6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the pressure of the hydrogen-containing gas mixture is 1 to 50 bar abs.
7. A method according to claim 1 wherein the cobalt content of the calcined impregnated support is between 5 and 40% by weight.
8. A method according to claim 1 wherein the catalyst precursor, further comprises one or more suitable additives or promoters useful in hydrogenation reactions and/or Fischer-Tropsch catalysis.
9. A method for preparing a cobalt catalyst comprising the steps:
(i) preparing a catalyst precursor formed by impregnating a catalyst support with an aqueous solution of cobalt nitrate, wherein the impregnated support is calcined in air at a temperature in the range 130-500° C. to effect partial denitrification and form Co 3 O 4 and the calcined impregnated support comprising Co 3 O 4 is subsequently heated to a temperature below 250° C. in the presence of a gas mixture comprising 0.1-10% hydrogen by volume in an inert gas to form a catalyst precursor, wherein the temperature and the hydrogen content of the heating step are selected to reduce nitrate content and avoid causing any reduction of the cobalt to metallic form,
(ii) transferring the catalyst precursor to catalyst reduction equipment, a hydrogenation reactor, or a Fischer-Tropsch reactor and then
(iii) reducing the catalyst precursor in a stream of hydrogen-containing gas between 300 and 600° C.
10. A method according to claim 1 wherein the maximum calcination temperature is 250° C.
11. A method according to claim 1 wherein the heating step of the calcined impregnated support is performed at a temperature between 140 and 200° C.
12. A method according to claim 1 wherein the pressure of the hydrogen-containing gas mixture is 1 to 10 bar abs.
13. A method according to claim 8 wherein the one or more suitable additives are compounds of metals selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, copper, iron, manganese, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, chromium, magnesium and zinc.
14. A method according to claim 8 wherein the one or more suitable promoters are selected from the group consisting of rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, nickel, platinum and palladium.
15. A method according to claim 9 wherein the reducing step is performed at a pressure of 1 to 50 bar abs.
16. A method according to claim 9 wherein the reducing step is performed at a pressure of 1 to 10 bar abs.
17. A method for lowering nitrate content in a cobalt catalyst precursor comprising the steps of (i) impregnating a catalyst support with an aqueous solution of cobalt nitrate, (ii) calcining the impregnated support in air at a temperature in the range 130-250° C. for ≦2 hours to effect partial denitrification and form Co 3 O 4 and (iii) subsequently heating the calcined impregnated support comprising Co 3 O 4 to a temperature in the range 50-250° C. for ≦8 hours in the presence of a gas mixture comprising 0.1-10% hydrogen by volume in an inert gas to form a catalyst precursor, wherein the time, the temperature, and the hydrogen content of the heating step are selected to reduce nitrate content and avoid causing any reduction of the cobalt to metallic form.
18. A method for lowering nitrate content in a cobalt catalyst precursor comprising the steps of (i) a single impregnation of a catalyst support with an aqueous solution of cobalt nitrate, (ii) calcining the once-impregnated support in air to effect partial denitrification and form Co 3 O 4 and (iii) subsequently heating the calcined impregnated support comprising Co 3 O 4 to a temperature below 250° C. in the presence of a gas mixture comprising 0.1-10% hydrogen by volume in an inert gas to form a catalyst precursor, wherein the temperature and hydrogen content of the heating step are selected to reduce nitrate content and avoid causing any reduction of the cobalt to metallic form.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the heating step (iii) is not performed in catalyst reduction equipment, a hydrogenation reactor, or a Fischer-Tropsch reactor.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the heating step (iii) is not performed in catalyst reduction equipment, a hydrogenation reactor, or a Fischer-Tropsch reactor.