Administration of TLR7 ligands and prodrugs thereof for treatment of infection by hepatitis C virus
This invention relates to methods for treating or preventing hepatitis C virus infections in mammals using Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)7 ligands and prodrugs thereof. More particularly, this invention relates to methods of orally administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more prodrugs of TLR7 ligands for the treatment or prevention of hepatitis C viral infection. Oral administration of these TLR7 immunomodulating ligands and prodrugs thereof to a mammal provides therapeutically effective amounts and reduced undesirable side effects.
1. A method of treating a hepatitis C virus infection comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a TLR7 ligand or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the TLR7 ligand is a compound of formula
wherein:
R 1 is H, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, which may be interrupted by one or more 0, S, or N heteroatoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and
R 3 is H, OH, or SH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O-(alkyl), —O-(aryl), —O-(heteroaryl), —S-(alkyl), —S-(aryl), —S-(heteroaryl), —NH(alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NH(heteroaryl), —NH(R 4 )(alkyl), —NH(R 4 )(aryl), or —NH(R 4 )(heteroaryl), wherein R 4 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
R 1 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; and
R 3 is H, OH, or SH, or a substituted or unsubstituted —O-(alkyl), —S-(alkyl), or —NH(alkyl).
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the patient is human.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising administering a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or vehicle.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising administering an additional therapeutic agent.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an antiviral agent.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutically effective dose is 0.001 to 100 mg/kg per day.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the therapeutically effective dose is about 0.01 to 50 mg/kg per day.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the therapeutically effective dose is about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg per day.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the TLR7 ligand is administered parenterally.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the TLR7 ligand is administered intravenously.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the TLR7 ligand is administered orally.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the TLR7 ligand is administered mucosally.
14. A method of treating a hepatitis C virus infection comprising orally administering to a patient in need thereof a masked TLR7 ligand prodrug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the oral administration of the masked TLR7 ligand prodrug achieves a therapeutically effective plasma concentration of the TLR7 ligand, and wherein the masked TLR7 ligand prodrug is an adenine analog.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the masked TLR7 prodrug is selected from a (a) carbamate moiety after conversion of a TLR7 ligand amine substituent, and (b) ester, ether, or aminal moiety after conversion of a TLR7 ligand alcohol substituent.
16. A method of treating a hepatitis C virus infection comprising orally administering to a patient in need thereof a masked TLR7 ligand prodrug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the oral administration of the masked TLR7 ligand prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, achieves a therapeutically effective plasma concentration of the TLR7 ligand, and wherein the masked TLR7 ligand prodrug is a compound of formula IIf
wherein:
R 1 is H, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, which may be interrupted by one or more O, S, or N heteroatoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl;
R 3 is H, OH, or SH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —O-(alkyl), —O-(aryl), —O-(heteroaryl), —S-(alkyl), —S-(aryl), —S-(heteroaryl), —NH(alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NH(heteroaryl), —NH(R 4 )(alkyl), —NH(R 4 )(aryl), or —NH(R 4 )(heteroaryl);
R 4 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;
R 7 is independently H or a substituted or unsubstituted —C(O)(C 1-18 alkyl) or —C(O) 2 (C 1-18 alkyl); and
R 8 is H, —O-(alkyl), —O-(alkyl), —OCO 2 (C 1-18 alkyl), —OC(O)(C 1-18 alkyl), or a racemic, L-, or D-amino acid group —OC(O)CHNH 2 R 1 .
17. The method of claim 16 wherein
R 1 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
R 3 is H, OH, or SH, or a substituted or unsubstituted —O-(alkyl), —S-(alkyl), or —NH(alkyl);
R 7 is independently H or a substituted or unsubstituted —C(O)(C 1-18 alkyl) or —C(O) 2 (C 1-18 alkyl); and
R 8 is H, —O-(alkyl), —OCO 2 (C 1-18 alkyl), or a racemic, L-, or D-amino acid group —OC(O)CHNH 2 R 1 .
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the masked TLR7 ligand prodrug is selected from the group consisting of
19. The method of claim 14 wherein the oral administration of the masked TLR7 ligand prodrug achieves an in vivo effective plasma concentration of the TLR7 ligand that is 10% to 500% of the effective in vivo exposure obtained upon oral administration of the TLR7 ligand alone.
20. The method of claim 14 wherein the oral administration of the masked TLR7 ligand prodrug achieves an in vivo effective plasma concentration of the TLR7 ligand that is 50% to 200% of the effective in vivo exposure obtained upon oral administration of the TLR7 ligand alone.
21. The method of claim 14 wherein the oral administration of the masked TLR7 ligand prodrug reduces undesirable side effects in a patient relative to the side effects upon oral administration of the TLR7 ligand alone.
22. The method of claim 14 wherein the oral administration of the masked TLR7 ligand prodrug reduces undesirable side effects by 50% in a patient relative to the side effects upon oral administration of the TLR7 ligand alone.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the side effect is gastrointestinal irritancy.
24. The method of claim 22 wherein the irritancy is hemorrhage.
25. The method of claim 22 wherein the irritancy is lesions.
26. The method of claim 22 wherein the irritancy is emesis.
27. The method of claim 14 wherein the patient is human.
28. The method of claim 14 further comprising administering a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or vehicle.
29. The method of claim 14 further comprising administering one or more additional therapeutic agent.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein one of the additional therapeutic agents is an antiviral agent.
31. The method of claim 14 wherein the therapeutically effective dose is 0.001 to 100 mg/kg per day.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein the therapeutically effective dose is about 0.1 to 25 mg/kg per day.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein the therapeutically effective dose is about 1 to 20 mg/kg per day.