Methods and apparatuses for removal and transport of thermal energy
Methods and apparatuses are provided for the removal and transportation of thermal energy from a heat source to a distant complex for use in thermochemical cycles or other processes. In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a hybrid heat pipes/thermosyphon intermediate heat exchanger (HPTIHX) system that is divided into three distinct sections, namely: an evaporation chamber, a condensation chamber, and a working fluid transport section of liquid and vapor counter-current flows.
1. A nuclear power plant comprising:
a Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR);
a hydrogen production facility spaced from the VHTR by a distance of about 100 m to about 140 m; and
an intermediate heat exchanger (IHE) interposed between the VHTR and the hydrogen production facility, the IHE comprising:
a first IHE portion comprising an evaporation chamber comprising a pool of working fluid directly connected to the VHTR and a first plurality of heat pipes for capturing and transferring heat from the VHTR into the working fluid to vaporize the working fluid;
a second IHE portion elevated relative to the first IHE portion, wherein the second IHE portion comprises a condensation chamber directly connected to the hydrogen production facility and a second plurality of inclined heat pipes for transferring the heat from the vaporized working fluid into the hydrogen production facility by condensing the vaporized working fluid; and
a common transport pipe connecting the evaporation chamber of the first IHE portion and the condensation chamber of the second IHE portion.
2. The nuclear power plant according to claim 1 , wherein the common transport pipe comprises a thermally insulated coaxial pipe configured to passively transport the vaporized working fluid from the evaporation chamber of the first IHE portion to the condensation chamber of the second IHE portion and to passively transport condensate from the condensation chamber of the second IHE portion to the evaporation chamber of the first IHE portion.
3. The nuclear power plant according to claim 1 , wherein the VHTR comprises a coolant chamber, wherein a portion of each heat pipe of the first plurality of heat pipes is configured within the coolant chamber and a remainder of said each heat pipe is configured within the evaporation chamber of the first IHE portion.
4. The nuclear power plant according to claim 3 , wherein each of the first plurality of heat pipes comprises a liquid saturated capillary structure configured within the evaporation chamber.
5. The nuclear power plant according to claim 3 , wherein an outer surface of each heat pipe of the first plurality of heat pipes within the evaporation chamber comprises longitudinal grooves configured to pump liquid from the pool and spread liquid over a full length of a surface of said each heat pipe by capillary action, thus ensuring continuous wetting of the surface to facilitate evaporation.
6. The nuclear power plant according to claim 5 , further comprising a porous wick over the surface, the porous wick configured to provide capillary head in addition to that provided by the longitudinal grooves.
7. The nuclear power plant according to claim 1 , wherein the pool of working fluid is configured for replenishment by the condensation chamber via the common transport pipe.
8. The nuclear power plant according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen production facility comprises a heat exchanger, wherein a portion of each inclined heat pipe of the second plurality of inclined heat pipes is configured within the heat exchanger and a remaining portion of said each inclined heat pipe is configured within the condensation chamber.
9. The nuclear power plant according to claim 1 , wherein the condensation chamber comprises a condensate pool, the condensate pool configured by condensation of the vaporized working fluid from the second plurality of inclined heat pipes projecting into the condensation chamber.
10. The nuclear power plant according to claim 8 , wherein the second plurality of inclined heat pipes are configured to transfer heat generated by condensation of the vaporized working fluid into a hydrogen production process through the heat exchanger.
11. The nuclear power plant according to claim 1 , wherein each of the second plurality of inclined heat pipes comprises a corrugated surface configured to increase a condensation surface area and reduce a thickness of the condensate on the corrugated surface.
12. The nuclear power plant according to claim 1 , wherein each of the second plurality of inclined heat pipes inclines at an angle of about 10° to about 20° from a horizontal plane of the evaporation chamber.