Aqueous fracturing fluid
The invention concerns an aqueous viscoelastic fracturing fluid for use in the recovery of hydrocarbons. According to the invention, the fluid comprises a cleavable viscoelastic surfactant and a hydrophobically-modified polymer, wherein the cleavable surfactant comprises a head group and a hydrophobic tail of at least 18 carbon atoms connected through a degradable acetal, amide, ether or ester bond and wherein the concentration of the hydrophobically-modified polymer is comprised between its overlap concentration c* and its entanglement concentration c e .
1. Method for recovering hydrocarbons comprising:
providing an aqueous viscoelastic fracturing fluid comprising a viscoelastic surfactant and a hydrophobically-modified polymer wherein the concentration of the hydrophobically-modified polymer is not less than, approximately, its overlap concentration c* when measured at 25° C., and
injecting said fluid into formation rocks in order to fracture said rocks, wherein the injected fluid forms a gel with viscosity greater than the viscosities of the surfactant and the polymer but thereafter while in the formation rocks the gel remains responsive to contact with hydrocarbons until such contact occurs and the gel is broken down on mixing with hydrocarbons;
wherein the fluid breaks down under downhole conditions, on contact or mixing with hydrocarbons, so as to have a viscosity of less than 20 cP in less than 2 hours.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the viscoelastic surfactant concentration in the fluid is above its critical micelle concentration and below 20 times the overlap concentration of said viscoelastic surfactant.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the viscoelastic surfactant concentration in the fluid is below 10 wt %.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surfactant comprises a head group and a hydrophobic tail and is of the following formula:
R-X-Y-Z
where R is the hydrophobic tail of said viscoelastic surfactant, which is a fully or partially saturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon chain of at least 18 carbon atoms; X is a degradable acetal, amide, ether or ester bond; Y is a spacer group, formed by a short fully or partially saturated hydrocarbon chain of at least one carbon atom; and Z is the head group of the surfactant which is selected from —NR 1 R 2 R 3 + , —SO 3 − , and —COO − where R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently hydrogen or a linear or branched saturated aliphatic chain of at least one carbon atom and —N + R 1 R 2 R 3 —COO − where R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen or a linear or branched saturated aliphatic chain of at least one carbon atom and R 3 is a linear or branched saturated aliphatic chain of at least one carbon atom.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the fracturing fluid further comprises a salt.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the viscoelastic surfactant is a mono-, a di- or an oligomeric carboxylate.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobically-modified polymer has a principal backbone and, grafted on said backbone, pendant hydrophobic chains.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the pendant hydrophobic chains are fully or partially saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon chains which contain at least 12 carbon atoms.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the pendant hydrophobic chains are fully or partially saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon chains which contain from 12 to 24 carbon atoms.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the backbone of the polymer is a polysaccharide.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the backbone of the polymer is guar.
12. Method for recovering hydrocarbons comprising:
providing an aqueous viscoelastic fracturing fluid comprising a viscoelastic surfactant and a hydrophobically-modified polymer
wherein the surfactant comprises a head group and a hydrophobic tail and is of the following formula:
R-X-Y-Z
where R is the hydrophobic tail of said viscoelastic surfactant, which is a fully or partially saturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon chain of at least 18 carbon atoms;
X is a degradable acetal, amide, ether or ester bond; Y is a spacer group, formed by a short fully or partially saturated hydrocarbon chain of at least one carbon atom; and Z is the head group of the surfactant which is selected from —NR 1 R 2 R 3 + , —SO 3 − , and —COO − where R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently hydrogen or a linear or branched saturated aliphatic chain of at least one carbon atom and R 1 and R 2 may include a hydroxyl group;
wherein the concentration of the hydrophobically-modified polymer is not less than, approximately, its overlap concentration c* when measured at 25° C., and
injecting said fluid into formation rocks in order to fracture said rocks, wherein the injected fluid forms a gel with viscosity greater than the viscosities of the surfactant and the polymer but thereafter while in the formation rocks the gel remains responsive to contact with hydrocarbons until such contact occurs and the gel is broken down on mixing with hydrocarbons.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the hydrophobically-modified polymer has a principal backbone and, grafted on said backbone, pendant hydrophobic chains which are fully or partially saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon chains which contain at least 12 carbon atoms.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the pendant hydrophobic chains are fully or partially saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon chains which contain from 12 to 24 carbon atoms.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the backbone of the polymer is a polysaccharide.
16. Method for recovering hydrocarbons comprising:
providing an aqueous viscoelastic fracturing fluid comprising a viscoelastic surfactant and a hydrophobically-modified polymer,
wherein the viscoelastic surfactant concentration in the fluid is above its critical micelle concentration and below 1.5 wt % of the fluid,
wherein the concentration of the hydrophobically-modified polymer is comprised between, approximately, its overlap concentration c* and, approximately, its entanglement concentration c e when these concentrations are measured at 25° C., and
injecting said fluid into formation rocks in order to fracture said rocks, wherein the injected fluid forms a gel with viscosity greater than the viscosities of the surfactant and the polymer but thereafter while in the formation rocks the gel remains responsive to contact with hydrocarbons until such contact occurs and the gel is broken down on mixing with hydrocarbons.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the surfactant comprises a head group and a hydrophobic tail and is of the following formula:
R-X-Y-Z
where R is the hydrophobic tail of said viscoelastic surfactant, which is a fully or partially saturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon chain of at least 18 carbon atoms;
X is a degradable acetal, amide, ether or ester bond;
Y is a spacer group, formed by a short fully or partially saturated hydrocarbon chain of at least one carbon atom; and Z is the head group of the surfactant which is selected from —NR 1 R 2 R 3 + , —SO 3 − , and —COO − where R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently hydrogen or a linear or branched saturated aliphatic chain of at least one carbon atom and —N + R 1 R 2 R 3 —COO − where R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen or a linear or branched saturated aliphatic chain of at least one carbon atom and R 3 is a linear or branched saturated aliphatic chain of at least one carbon atom.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the hydrophobically-modified polymer has a principal backbone and, grafted on said backbone, pendant hydrophobic chains which are fully or partially saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon chains which contain at least 12 carbon atoms.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the pendant hydrophobic chains are fully or partially saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon chains which contain from 12 to 24 carbon atoms.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the backbone of the polymer is a polysaccharide.