Granted Patent B1

US 8,153,307 · App. 11/165,406 · Granted Apr 10, 2012

Assignee: Quallion LLC

Abstract

Claims (255)

1. A battery comprising:

an electrolyte activating one or more anodes and one or more cathodes, the electrolyte including one or more salts dissolved in a solvent, the solvent including

one or more first siloxanes and/or one or more first silanes, each of the first siloxanes and/or first silanes having one or more first substituents that each include a poly(alkylene oxide) moiety and each of the first siloxanes and/or first silanes excludes a cyclic carbonate moiety; and

one or more second siloxanes and/or one or more second silanes, each of the second siloxanes and/or second silanes having one or more second substituents that each include a carbonate moiety.

2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the first substituents is a noncrosslinking side-chain.

3. The battery of claim 2 , wherein one or more of the first substituents is a crosslinking side-chain.

4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the carbonate moiety is a cyclic carbonate moiety.

5. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte further includes:

an organic solvent.

6. The battery of claim 5 , wherein the organic solvent includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of: propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate (VC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), dialkyl carbonates, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl propionate, .gamma-butyrolactone, 1,2-ethoxyethane (DEE), ethoxymethoxyethane (EME), tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, formamide, acetoamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolane, acetonitrile, propylnitrile, nitromethane, ethylmonoglyme, triester phosphate, trimethoxymethane, sulphorane, methylsulphorane, 1,3-diemthyl-2-imidazoline, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, ethylether, 1,3-propanesultone, anisole, and N-methylpyrrolidone.

7. The battery of claim 5 , wherein the organic solvent includes one or more cyclic carbonates.

8. The battery of claim 5 , wherein the organic solvent includes one or more cyclic carbonate and one or more linear carbonates.

9. The battery of claim 1 , wherein one or more salts includes a salt selected from the group consisting of LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiPF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 6 F 5 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 CO 2 , LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiN(SO 2 C 2 FO 2 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiAlCl 4 , LiGaCl 4 , LiSCN, LiO 2 , LiO 3 SCF 3 , LiO 2 CCF 3 , LiSO 6 F, LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , chloroboran lithium, lithium tetraphenylborate, LiBr, Lit, LiSCN, LiCl, imides, Li-methide, Li-imide, lithium alkyl fluorophosphates and mixtures thereof.

10. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the one or more salts includes a bis[bidentate] borate.

11. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the one or more salts includes one or more salts according to:

wherein M + is a metal ion selected from the Group I or Group II elements; Y 1 and Y 2 are each selected from a group consisting of: —CX(CR 2 ) a CX—, —CZZ′(CR 2 ) n CZZ′—, —CX(CR 2 ) 5 CZZ′—, —SO 2 (CR 2 ) b SO 2 —, and —CO(CR 2 ) b SO 2 —; X is O or Z is alkyl, halogenated alkyl, —C═NR′, CR′ 3 or R; V is alkyl, halogenated alkyl, —C═NR′; CR′ 3 or R′; R′ is halogen or hydrogen; R is hydrogen, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, cyano, or halogen; a is 0 to 4 and b is 1 to 4.

12. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the one or more salts includes lithium bis-oxalato borate (LiBOB).

13. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second silanes and one of the second silanes is represented by: SiR 4-x-y R′ x R″ y : wherein R is an alkyl group, an aryl group or a halogen, R′ x is represented by Formula VIII-A or Formula VIII-C, R″ y is represented by Formula VW-B, x is 0 to 4, y is 0 to 4, 4-x-y indicates the number of R substituents, and x+y is at least 1;

Formula VIII-A:

wherein R 9 is nil or an organic spacer, R 10 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 11 is alkyl or aryl; and n is 1 to 15;

Formula VIII-B:

wherein R 12 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2; and

Formula VIII-C:

where R 14 is nil or a spacer; R 15 is nil or a spacer, R 16 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; second silane represents another silane and n is 1 to 15.

14. The battery of claim 13 , wherein x is greater than 0 to 4.

15. The battery of claim 13 , wherein R 9 is nil and R 14 is nil.

16. The battery of claim 13 , wherein R′ x is represented by Formula VW-A.

17. The battery of claim 16 , wherein R 9 is nil.

18. The battery of claim 17 , wherein the first silane is represented by Formula VIII-D:

19. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes one or more additives.

20. The battery of claim 19 , wherein the one or more of the additives is selected from a group consisting of vinyl carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), ethylene sulfite (ES), propylene sulfite (PS), and phenyl ethylene carbonate, (PhEC).

21. The battery of claim 19 , wherein the one or more of the additives is selected from a group consisting of vinyl carbonate (VC), and vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC).

22. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the poly(alkylene oxide) moiety includes an oxygen linked directly to a silicon in the one or more first siloxanes and/or the one or more first silanes.

23. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more first silanes or the one or more second silanes.

24. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of the first siloxanes and the second siloxanes, wherein the one or more components are each a disiloxane.

25. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the one or more salts includes a dihalo mono[bidentate] borate.

26. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the one or more salts includes one or more salts according to:

wherein M + is a metal ion selected from the Group I or Group II elements; Y 3 is selected from a group consisting of —CX(CR 2 ) a CX—, —CZZ′(CR 2 ) a CZZ′—, —CX(CR 2 ) a CZZ′—, —SO 2 (CR 2 ) b SO 2 —, and —CO(CR 2 ) b SO 2 —; X is ═O or ═NR′, Z is alkyl, halogenated alkyl, —C═NR′, CR′ 3 , or R′; Z′ is alkyl, halogenated alkyl, —C═NR′, CR′ 3 or R′; R″ is a halogen; R′ is halogen or hydrogen; R is hydrogen, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, cyano, or halogen; a is 0 to 4 and b is 1 to 4.

27. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the one or more salts includes lithium difluoro oxalatoborate (LiDfOB).

28. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by:

wherein R 1 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 2 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 4 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 5 is represented by Formula VII-A, Formula VII-B or Formula VII-C; R 6 is an alkyl group, an aryl group, represented by Formula VII-D, or represented by Formula VII-E;

Formula VII-A:

wherein R 9 is nil or a spacer; R 10 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 11 is alkyl or aryl; and n is 1 to 12;

Formula VII-B:

wherein R 12 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula VII-C:

where R 14 is nil or a spacer, R 15 is nil or a spacer; R 16 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; second siloxane represents another siloxane and n is 1 to 12;

Formula VII-D:

wherein R 17 is nil or a spacer; R 18 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 19 is alkyl or aryl; and q is 1 to 12; and

Formula VII-E:

wherein R 20 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2.

29. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by:

wherein R 1 is an alkyl group; R 2 is an alkyl group; R 3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 4 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 5 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 6 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 7 is represented by Formula V-A or Formula V-B; R 8 is represented by Formula V-C or Formula V-D;

Formula V-A:

wherein R 9 is nil or a spacer; R 10 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 11 is alkyl or aryl; and n is 1 to 12;

Formula V-B:

wherein R 12 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula V-C:

wherein R 13 is nil or a spacer; R 14 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 15 is alkyl or aryl; and q is 1 to 12; and

Formula V-D:

wherein R 16 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2.

30. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by

wherein R 19 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 20 is represented by Formula VI-A, Formula VI-B or Formula VI-C;

Formula VI-A:

wherein R 21 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula VI-B:

wherein R 23 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 24 is alkyl or aryl; and r is 1 to 12; and

Formula VI-C:

where R 25 is nil or a spacer; R 26 is nil or a spacer; R 27 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; second siloxane represents another siloxane and n is 1 to 12.

31. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more first siloxane and one or more of the first siloxanes is represented by:

wherein R 1 is an alkyl group; R 2 is an alkyl group; R 3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 4 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 5 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 6 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 7 is nil ora spacer, R 8 is nil or a spacer, R 9 is a hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 10 is a hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 11 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; and R 12 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; x is 1 or greater and/or 12 or less and y is 1 or greater and/or 12 or less.

32. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by

wherein: R 20 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 21 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 22 is represented by Formula IV-A; R 23 is represented by Formula IV-B or IV-C and each Z is an alkyl or an aryl group;

Formula IV-A:

wherein R 24 is an organic spacer or nil; R 25 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; R 25 is alkyl or aryl and p is 1 or more and/or 12 or less;

Formula IV-B:

wherein R 28 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; R 29 is alkyl or aryl; q is 1 or more and/or 12 or less; and

Formula IV-C:

wherein R 30 is an organic spacer and r is 1 or 2.

33. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes one or more of the first siloxanes and at least one of the first siloxanes is a tetrasiloxane, a trisiloxane or a disiloxane.

34. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes one or more of the first siloxanes and at least one of the first siloxanes is a disiloxane.

35. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes one or more of the second siloxanes and at least one of the second siloxanes is a tetrasiloxane, a trisiloxane or a disiloxane.

36. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes one or more of the second siloxanes and at least one of the second siloxanes is a disiloxane.

37. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes one or more of the first siloxanes and at least one of the first siloxanes is a tetrasiloxane, a trisiloxane or a disiloxanes; and

wherein the solvent includes one or more of the second siloxanes and at least one of the second siloxanes is a tetrasiloxane, a trisiloxane or a disiloxane.

38. The battery of claim 1 where each of the one or more first siloxanes and/or one or more first silanes is a separate compound from each of the one or more second siloxanes and/or one or more second silanes.

39. A battery comprising:

an electrolyte activating one or more anodes and one or more cathodes, the electrolyte including one or more salts dissolved in a solvent, the solvent including

one or more first silanes, each of the first silanes having one or more first substituents that each include a poly(alkylene oxide) moiety and each of the first silanes excludes a cyclic carbonate moiety; and

one or more second silanes, each of the second silanes having one or more second substituents that each include a carbonate moiety.

40. The battery of claim 39 , wherein one or more of the first substituents is a noncrosslinking side-chain.

41. The battery of claim 39 , wherein the carbonate moiety is a cyclic carbonate moiety.

42. The battery of claim 39 , wherein one or more salts includes one or more organoborate salts.

43. The battery of claim 39 , wherein one of the second silanes is represented by: SiR 4-x-y R′ x R″ y : wherein R is an alkyl group, an aryl group or a halogen, R′ x is represented by Formula VIII-A or Formula VIII-C, R″ y is represented by Formula VIII-B, x is 0 to 4, y is 0 to 4, 4-x-y indicates the number of R substituents, and x+y is at least 1;

Formula VIII-A:

wherein R 9 is nil or an organic spacer; R 10 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 11 is alkyl or aryl; and n is 1 to 15;

Formula VIII-B:

wherein R 14 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2; and

Formula VIII-C:

where R 14 is nil or a spacer, R 15 is nil or a spacer; R 16 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; second silane represents another silane and n is 1 to 15.

44. The battery of claim 43 , wherein x is greater than 0 and up to 4.

45. The battery of claim 43 , wherein R 9 is nil and R 14 is nil.

46. The battery of claim 43 , wherein R′ x is represented by Formula VIII-A.

47. The battery of claim 46 , wherein R 9 is nil.

48. The battery of claim 39 , wherein the solvent includes one or more additives selected from a group consisting of o-phenylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), ethylene sulfite (ES), propylene sulfite (PS), 1,3 dimethyl butadiene, styrene carbonate, an aromatic carbonate, vinyl pyrrole, vinyl piperazine, vinyl piperidine, and vinyl pyridine.

49. The battery of claim 39 , wherein the poly(alkylene oxide) moiety includes an oxygen linked directly to a silicon in the one or more first silanes.

50. The battery of claim 39 , wherein at least one of the one or more first silanes is represented by Formula VIII-D:

51. A battery comprising:

an electrolyte activating one or more anodes and one or more cathodes, the electrolyte including one or more salts dissolved in a solvent;

the one or more salts including one or more organoborate salts;

the solvent including

one or more first siloxanes and/or one or more first silanes, each of the first siloxanes and/or first silanes having one or more first substituents that each include a poly(alkylene oxide) moiety and each of the first siloxanes and/or first silanes excludes a cyclic carbonate moiety, and

one or more second siloxanes and/or one or more second silanes, each of the second siloxanes and/or second silanes having one or more second substituents that each include a carbonate moiety.

52. The battery of claim 51 , wherein one or more of the first substituents is a noncrosslinking side-chain.

53. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the carbonate moiety is a cyclic carbonate moiety.

54. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the one or more organoborate salts includes a bis[bidentate] borate.

55. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the one or more organoborate salts includes one or more salts according to:

wherein M + is a metal ion selected from the Group I or Group II elements; Y 1 and Y 2 are each selected from a group consisting of: —CX(CR 2 ) a CX—, —CZZ′(CR 2 ) a CZZ′—, —CX(CR 2 ) a CZZ′—, —SO 2 (CR 2 ) b SO 2 —, and —CO(CR 2 ) b SO 2 —; X is ═O or ═NR′, Z is alkyl, halogenated alkyl, —C═NR′, CR′ 3 or R′; Z′ is alkyl, halogenated alkyl, —C═NR′, CR′ 3 or R; R′ is halogen or hydrogen; R is hydrogen, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, cyano, or halogen; a is 0 to 4 and b is 1 to 4.

56. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the one or more organoborate salts includes lithium bis-oxalato borate (LiBOB).

57. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second silanes and one of the second silanes is represented by: SiR 4-x-y R′ x R″ y :

wherein R is an alkyl group, an aryl group or a halogen, R′ x is represented by Formula VIII-A or Formula VIII-C, R″ y is represented by Formula x is 0 to 4, y is 0 to 4, 4-x-y indicates the number of R substituents, and x+y is at least 1;

Formula VIII-A:

wherein R 9 is nil or an organic spacer; R 10 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 11 is alkyl or aryl; and n is 1 to 15;

Formula VIII-B:

wherein R 12 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2; and

Formula VIII-C:

where R 14 is nil or a spacer; R 15 is nil or a spacer; R 16 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; second silane represents another silane and n is 1 to 15.

58. The battery of claim 57 , wherein the first silane is represented by Formula VIII-D:

59. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the solvent includes one or more additives selected from a group consisting of o-phenylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), ethylene sulfite (ES), propylene sulfite (PS), 1,3 dimethyl butadiene, styrene carbonate, an aromatic carbonate, vinyl pyrrole, vinyl piperazine, vinyl piperidine, and vinyl pyridine.

60. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the poly(alkylene oxide) moiety includes an oxygen linked directly to a silicon in the one or more first siloxanes and/or the one or more first silanes.

61. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the solvent includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of the first siloxanes and the second siloxanes; wherein the one or more components are each a disiloxane.

62. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the one or more organoborate salts includes a dihalo mono[bidentate] borate.

63. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the one or more organoborate salts includes one or more salts according to:

wherein M + is a metal ion selected from the Group I or Group II elements; Y 3 is selected from a group consisting of —CX(CR 2 ) n CX—, —CZZ′(CR 2 ) n CZZ′—, —CX(CR 2 ) a CZZ′—, —SO 2 (CR 2 )SO 2 —, and —CO(CR 2 ) b SO 2 —; X is ═O or ═NR′, Z is alkyl, halogenated alkyl, —C═NR′, CR′ 3 , or R′; Z′ is alkyl, halogenated alkyl, —C═NR′, CR′ 3 or R′; R″ is a halogen; R′ is halogen or hydrogen; R is hydrogen, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, cyano, or halogen; a is 0 to 4 and b is 1 to 4.

64. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the one or more organoborate salts includes lithium difluoro oxalatoborate (LiDfOB).

65. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by:

wherein R 1 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 2 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 4 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 5 is represented by Formula Formula VII-B or Formula VII-C; R 6 is an alkyl group, an aryl group, represented by Formula VII-D, or represented by. Formula VII-E;

Formula VII-A:

wherein R 9 is nil of a spacer; R 10 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 11 is alkyl or aryl; and n is 1 to 12;

Formula VII-B:

wherein R 12 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula VII-C:

where R 14 is nil or a spacer; R 15 is nil or a spacer, R 16 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; second siloxane represents another siloxane and n is 1 to 12;

Formula VII-D:

wherein R 17 is nil or a spacer; R 18 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 19 is alkyl or aryl; and q is 1 to 12; and

Formula VII-E:

wherein R 20 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2.

66. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by:

wherein R 1 is an alkyl group; R 2 is an alkyl group; R 3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 4 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 5 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 6 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 7 is represented by Formula V-A or Formula V-B; R 8 is represented by Formula V-C or Formula V-D;

Formula V-A:

wherein R 9 is nil or a spacer; R 10 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 11 is alkyl or aryl; and n is 1 to 12;

Formula V-B:

wherein R 12 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula V-C

wherein R 13 is nil or a spacer, R 14 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 15 is alkyl or aryl; and q is 1 to 12; and

Formula V-D:

wherein R 16 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2.

67. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by:

wherein R 19 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 20 is represented by Formula VI-A, Formula VI-B or Formula VI-C;

Formula VI-A:

wherein R 21 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula VI-B:

wherein R 23 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 24 is alkyl or aryl; and r is 1 to 12; and

Formula VI-C:

where R 25 is nil or a sPacer; R 26 is nil or a spacer; R 27 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; second siloxane represents another siloxane and n is 1 to 12.

68. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more first siloxane and one or more of the first siloxanes is represented by:

wherein R 1 is an alkyl group; R 2 is an alkyl group; R 3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 4 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 5 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 6 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 7 is nil or a spacer; R 8 is nil or a spacer; R 9 is a hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 10 is a hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 11 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; and R 12 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; x is 1 or greater and/or 12 or less and y is 1 or greater and/or 12 or less.

69. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by:

wherein: R 20 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 21 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 22 is represented by Formula IV-A; R 23 is represented by Formula IV-B or IV-C and each Z is an alkyl or an aryl group;

Formula IV-A:

wherein R 24 is an organic spacer or nil; R 25 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; R 26 is alkyl or aryl and p is 1 or more and/or 12 or less;

Formula IV-B:

wherein R 28 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; R 29 is alkyl or aryl; q is 1 or more and/or 12 or less; and

Formula IV-C:

wherein R 30 is an organic spacer and r is 1 or 2.

70. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the solvent includes one or more of the first siloxanes and at least one of the first siloxanes is a tetrasiloxane, a trisiloxane or a disiloxane.

71. The battery of claim 51 , wherein the solvent includes one or more of the second siloxanes and at least one of the second siloxanes is a teirasiloxane, a trisiloxane or a disiloxane.

72. A battery comprising:

an electrolyte activating one or more anodes and one or more cathodes, the electrolyte including one or more salts dissolved in a solvent;

the solvent including

one or more first siloxanes and/or one or more first silanes, each of the first siloxanes and/or first silanes having one or more first substituents that each include a poly(alkylene oxide) moiety and each of the first siloxanes and/or first silanes excludes a cyclic carbonate moiety, and

one or more second siloxanes and/or one or more second silanes, each of the second siloxanes and/or second silanes having one or more second substituents that each include a carbonate moiety, and

one or more additives selected from a group consisting of o-phenylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), ethylene sulfite (ES), propylene sulfite (PS), 1,3 dimethyl butadiene, styrene carbonate, an aromatic carbonate, vinyl pyrrole, vinyl piperazine, vinyl piperidine, and vinyl pyridine.

73. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the one or more of the additives is selected from a group consisting of vinyl carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), ethylene sulfite (ES), propylene sulfite (PS), and phenyl ethylene carbonate (PhEC).

74. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the one or more of the additives is selected from a group consisting of vinyl carbonate (VC), and vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC).

75. The battery of claim 72 , wherein one or more of the first substituents is a noncrosslinking side-chain.

76. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the carbonate moiety is a cyclic carbonate moiety.

77. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the poly(alkylene oxide) moiety includes an oxygen linked directly to a silicon in the one or more first siloxanes and/or the one or more first silanes.

78. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the solvent includes one or more components selected from the group, consisting of the first siloxanes and the second siloxanes, wherein the one or more components are each a disiloxane.

79. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by:

wherein R 1 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 2 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 4 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 5 is represented by Formula VII-A, Formula VII-B or Formula VII-C; R 6 is an alkyl group, an aryl group, represented by Formula VII-D, or represented by Formula VII-E;

Formula VII-A:

wherein R 9 is nil or a spacer; R 14 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 11 is alkyl or aryl; and n is 1 to 12;

Formula VII-B:

wherein R 12 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula VII-C:

where R 14 is nil or a spacer; R 15 is nil or a spacer; R 16 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; second siloxane represents another siloxane and n is 1 to 12;

Formula VII-D:

wherein R 17 is nil or a spacer; R 18 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 19 is alkyl or aryl; and q is 1 to 12; and

Formula VII-E:

wherein R 20 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2.

80. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by:

wherein R 1 is an alkyl group; R 2 is an alkyl group; R 3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 4 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 5 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 6 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 7 is represented by Formula V-A or Formula V-B; R 8 is represented by Formula V-C or Formula V-D;

Formula V-A:

wherein R 9 is nil or a spacer, R 10 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 11 is alkyl or aryl; and n is 1 to 12;

Formula V-B:

wherein R 12 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula V-C:

wherein R 13 is nil or a spacer; R 14 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 15 is alkyl or aryl; and q is 1 to 12; and

Formula V-D:

wherein R 16 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2.

81. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by

wherein R 19 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 20 is represented by Formula VI-A, Formula VI-B or Formula VI-C;

Formula VI-A:

wherein R 21 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula VI-B:

wherein R 23 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 24 is alkyl or aryl; and r is 1 to 12; and

Formula VI-C:

where R 25 is nil or a spacer; R 26 is nil or a spacer; R 27 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; second siloxane represents another siloxane and n is 1 to 12.

82. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more first siloxane and one or more of the first siloxanes is represented by:

wherein R 1 is an alkyl group; R 2 is an alkyl group; R 3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 4 is an allyl group or an aryl group; R 5 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 6 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 7 is nil or a spacer, R 8 is nil ora spacer, R 9 is a hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 10 is a hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 11 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; and R 12 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; x is 1 or greater and/or 12 or less and y is 1 or greater and/or 12 or less.

83. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the solvent includes the one or more second siloxanes and one or more of the second siloxanes is represented by

wherein: R 20 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 21 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 22 is represented by Formula IV-A; R 23 is represented by Formula IV-B or N—C and each Z is an alkyl or an aryl group;

Formula IV-A:

wherein R 24 is an organic spacer or nil; R 25 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; R 26 is alkyl or aryl and p is 1 or more and/or 12 or less; Formula IV-B:

wherein R 28 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; R 29 is alkyl or aryl; q is 1 or more and/or 12 or less; and

Formula IV-C:

wherein R 30 is an organic spacer and r is 1 or 2.

84. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the solvent includes one or more of the first siloxanes and at least one of the first siloxanes is a tetrasiloxane, a trisiloxane or a disiloxane.

85. The battery of claim 72 , wherein the solvent includes one or more of the second siloxanes and at least one of the second siloxanes is a tetrasiloxane, a trisiloxane or a disiloxane.

86. A battery comprising:

an electrolyte activating one or more anodes and one or more cathodes, the electrolyte including one or more salts dissolved in a solvent, the solvent including

one or more first siloxanes and/or one or more first silanes, each of the first siloxanes and/or first silanes having one or more first substituents that each include a poly(alkylene oxide) moiety and each of the first siloxanes and/or first silanes excludes a cyclic carbonate moiety; and

one or more second siloxanes and/or one or more second silanes, each of the second siloxanes and/or second silanes having one or more second substituents that each include a carbonate moiety; and

the solvent including one or more components selected from the group consisting of the firstsiloxanes and the second siloxanes, wherein the one or more components are each a trisiloxane.

87. The battery of claim 86 , wherein one or more of the first substituents is a nonerosslinking side-chain.

88. The battery of claim 86 , wherein the poly(alkylene oxide) moiety includes an oxygen linked directly to a silicon in the one or more first siloxanes and/or the one or more first silanes.

89. The battery of claim 86 , wherein one of the one or more components is represented by:

wherein R 1 is an alkyl group; R 2 is an alkyl group; R 3 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 4 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 5 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 6 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 7 is represented by Formula V-A or Formula V-B; R 8 is represented by Formula V-C or Formula V-D;

Formula V-A:

wherein R 9 is nil or a spacer; R 10 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 11 is alkyl or aryl; and n is 1 to 12;

Formula V-B:

wherein R 12 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula V-C:

wherein R 13 is nil or a spacer, R 14 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 15 is alkyl or aryl; and q is 1 to 12; and

Formula V-D:

wherein R 16 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2.

90. The battery of claim 86 , wherein one of the one or more components is represented by:

wherein R 19 is an alkyl group or an aryl group; R 20 is represented by Formula VI-A, Formula VI-B or Formula VI-C;

Formula VI-A:

wherein R 21 is an organic spacer and p is 1 to 2;

Formula VI-B:

wherein R 23 is hydrogen; alkyl or aryl; R 24 is alkyl or aryl; and r is 1 to 12; and

Formula VI-C:

where R 25 is nil or a spacer; R 26 is nil or a spacer; R 27 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; second siloxane represents another siloxane and n is 1 to 12.

Assignments (1)

Continuity (13)