Zwitterionic polysaccharides for promotion of immune system maturation and health
Certain zwitterionic polysaccharides, including those naturally expressed by commensal B. fragilis in the gut, interact with cells of the immune system and affect the T H 1/T H 2 balance so as to promote health. Nutritional formulas and nutritional supplements containing isolated preparations of such zwitterionic polysaccharides, and methods for preparing the nutritional formulas and supplements, are provided. Also provided is a method of promoting immune system maturation in an infant involving enteral administration of a nutritional formula or nutritional supplement of the invention.
1. A method of promoting immune system maturation in an infant, comprising
enterally administering to the infant an effective amount of a nutritional formula or nutritional supplement composition, said composition comprising an isolated zwitterionic polysaccharide consisting essentially of repeating units, wherein each repeating unit comprises
two to ten monosaccharides, and
a free amino moiety and a negatively charged moiety selected from the group consisting of carboxylate, phosphate, phosphonate, sulfate, and sulfonate.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the zwitterionic polysaccharide is a naturally occurring bacterial capsular polysaccharide.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the zwitterionic polysaccharide is a B. fragilis capsular polysaccharide A (PSA).
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the PSA is PSA1.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the PSA is PSA2.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the zwitterionic polysaccharide is a B. fragilis capsular polysaccharide B (PSB).
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the zwitterionic polysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of Shigella sonnei Phase I lipopolysaccharide 0-antigen, Streptococcus pneumoniae type 1 capsular polysaccharide, and Streptococcus pneumoniae group antigen C substance.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nutritional formula or nutritional supplement is a nutritional formula.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nutritional formula or nutritional supplement is a nutritional supplement.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enterally administering is orally administering.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the infant is 0-6 months old.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immune system maturation is an increase in a T helper 1 marker to a T helper 2 Marker.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the T helper 1 marker is a cytokine selected from interferon gamma (IFN-y) and interleukin 2 (IL-2).
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the T helper 2 marker is a cytokine selected from interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 5 (IL-5).