Method and apparatus for measuring the conductivity of the water fraction of a wet gas
A method for determining the water conductivity of a multi-component mixture of gas and at least one liquid containing water in a pipe, the method comprising the following steps: a. electromagnetic measurements at least two measurement frequencies are performed in a pipe near the pipe wall at a first cross-sectional location where the mixture predominantly contains gas and at a second cross-sectional location where the mixture predominantly contains liquid, b. the temperature of the multi-component mixture is determined, and c. based on an empirically determined relationship between the measurements performed is step a and b and the conductivity of pure water, the conductivity of the water contained in the multi-component mixture is determined. An apparatus for performing the method is also disclosed.
1. A method for determining the water conductivity of a multi-component mixture of gas and at least one liquid containing water in a pipe, the method comprising the following steps:
a. performing electromagnetic phase or loss measurements at at least two measurement frequencies within the range of 1 MHz to 10000 MHz in said pipe near the pipe wall at a first location where said mixture predominantly contains gas and at a second location where said mixture predominantly contains liquid,
b. determining the temperature of the multi-component mixture,
c. calculating using a computer and a mathematical program the ratio between at least one of the loss or phase measurements from said first location and the corresponding one of the loss or phase measurements from said second location, and
d. determining the conductivity of the water contained in the multi-component mixture based on the temperature determined in step b, an empirically determined relationship between the ratio calculated in step c and the conductivity of water.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the measurements are performed in a substantially horizontal pipe section.
3. A method according to claim 2 , wherein said pipe section has an enlarged cross-sectional area.
4. A method according to claim 2 , wherein said pipe has a top and a bottom, said method further comprising locating said first location at said top of the pipe and locating said second location at said bottom of the pipe.
5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein electromagnetic measurements are performed based on measurement of reflected electromagnetic energy from the pipe.
6. A method according to claim 5 , wherein the measurements are performed on a sinusoidal signal.
7. A method according to claim 5 , wherein measurements are performed on a pulse shaped signal.
8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the velocity of the multi-component mixture is determined.
9. A method according to claim 8 , wherein the velocity of the multi-component mixture is determined based on cross-correlation techniques.
10. A method according to claim 8 , wherein the velocity of the multi-component mixture is determined based on a measurement of pressure drop across a narrow passage in the pipe.
11. A method according to claim 1 , wherein electromagnetic measurements are performed based on measurement of transmission loss between a sending and receiving antenna inside the pipe.
12. A method according to claim 1 , wherein electromagnetic measurements are performed based on measurement of phase differences between two receiving antennas located different distances from a transmitting antenna.
13. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the water fraction of the liquid is determined.
14. An apparatus for determining the water conductivity of a multi-component mixture of gas and at least one liquid containing water in a pipe, the apparatus comprising a tubular section and the following elements:
a. means for performing electromagnetic phase or loss measurements at at least two measurement frequencies within the range of 1 MHz to 10000 MHz near the wall of the tubular section at a first location where the mixture predominantly contains gas and at a second location where the mixture predominantly contains liquid,
b. means for determining the temperature of the multi-component mixture,
c. a computer means for calculating the ratio between at least one of the loss or phase measurements from said first location and the corresponding one of the loss or phase measurements from said second location,
d. a computer and a mathematical program for calculating the conductivity of the water contained in the multi-component mixture based on the temperature determined by the means of part b, the result of part c, and an empirically derived calibration curve for the relationship between the ratio defined in part c and the conductivity of water.
15. An apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the tubular section is substantially a horizontal pipe section.
16. An apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein said tubular section has an enlarged cross-sectional area.
17. An apparatus according to claim 15 , comprising electronic means for transmitting electromagnetic energy at at least two frequencies on two transmitting antennas and recording received electromagnetic energy for the frequencies at at least two receiving antennas.
18. An apparatus according to claim 14 , comprising means for measuring the velocity of the multi-component mixture.
19. An apparatus according to claim 18 , comprising means for measuring said velocity by cross-correlating measurements performed in two cross-sections of the tubular section.
20. An apparatus according to claim 18 , comprising means for measuring said velocity in a narrow passage of the tubular section.
21. An apparatus according to claim 14 , comprising electronic means for transmitting electromagnetic energy and receiving reflected energy from the pipe.
22. An apparatus according to claim 14 , comprising a mathematical program for calculating the water fraction of the liquid.