Methods and apparatus for assay measurements
Methods and apparatuses for performing assays involving binding material elements with a plurality of bonds over a substantial area of a surface of a resonant device establishing a normalized exposure. The methods and apparatuses also involve controlling an external influence applied to the material elements over a first period of time and measuring a signal during a second period of time that is indicative of the change in the amount of material elements bound to the surface relative to the normalized exposure. In some cases, the measured signals are integrated with respect to time to determine the time averaged amount of material elements bound to the surface.
1. A method comprising:
flowing a sample including a plurality of magnetic particles and an analyte through a fluid chamber including a detection surface comprising a resonant acoustic device having a vibrating membrane and a first capture agent linked to the detection surface, wherein the sample includes at least one magnetic particle functionalized with a second capture agent capable of binding the analyte;
binding, while flowing the sample through the fluid chamber, a first portion of the plurality of the magnetic particles to the detection surface by linking of the second capture agent to the analyte to the first capture agent;
applying, while flowing the sample through the fluid chamber, a magnetic field to the fluid chamber to associate a second portion of the plurality of magnetic particles with the detection surface, wherein the second portion of the plurality of magnetic particles are not linked to the detection surface by the analyte;
measuring a first signal corresponding to a total amount of the plurality of the magnetic particles bound to the detection surface or associated with the detection surface during a first period of time to establish a normalized exposure;
changing an amount of the magnetic field applied to the plurality of the magnetic particles during a second period of time relative to the magnetic field applied during the first period, the change in the amount of the magnetic field sufficient to cause at least a portion of the second portion of the plurality of magnetic particles to dissociate from the detection surface of the resonant acoustic device while the first portion of the plurality of the magnetic particles remain affixed to the detection surface by linking of the second capture agent to the analyte to the first capture agent;
measuring a second signal during the second period of time; and
comparing the first signal to the second signal to determine a change in the amount of the plurality of magnetic particles bound to the surface relative to the normalized exposure.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising utilizing the change in the amount of the plurality of magnetic particles to determine a concentration of the analyte linked to the detection surface.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the change in the amount of the magnetic field is sufficient to cause at least a portion of the first portion of the plurality of magnetic particles to dissociate from the detection surface of the resonant acoustic device.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising applying an external influence to the plurality of magnetic particles to cause at least a portion of the second portion of the plurality of magnetic particles to dissociate from the detection surface of the resonant acoustic device while the first portion of the plurality of the magnetic particles remain affixed to the detection surface by linking of the second capture agent to the analyte to the first capture agent.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising integrating values of the measured signal with respect to time to determine a time-averaged amount of the plurality of magnetic particles bound to or associated with the surface.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the external influence comprises flow of a fluid over, through or across the plurality of magnetic particles.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein the external influence comprises relative acceleration between the plurality of magnetic particles and the detection surface.
8. The method of claim 4 wherein the external influence comprises a constant or time-varying electric field to which the plurality of magnetic particles are exposed to induce an electrophoretic or dielectrophoretic force that acts on the plurality of magnetic particles.
9. The method of claim 4 wherein the external influence comprises an acoustic field or fluid flow field generated by the resonant acoustic device to which the plurality of magnetic particles are exposed.
10. The method of claim 4 wherein the external influence comprises an alteration of the binding force strength between the plurality of magnetic particles and the surface.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein an alteration of the binding force strength comprises altering pH of a fluid, flowing a denaturant over the plurality of magnetic particles altering temperature of a fluid, or combinations thereof.
12. The method of claim 4 wherein the external influence comprises an amplitude of a relative displacement between the plurality of magnetic particles and the surface being increased.
13. The method of claim 4 further comprising varying the external influence over the second period of time.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of magnetic particles are magnetic particles, paramagnetic particles, gold particles, microspheres or beads.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of magnetic particles associate with the detection surface of the resonant acoustic device via specific associations, non-specific associations, cross-reactive associations, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, van der Waals bonds, hydrogen bonds or polar bonds.
16. The method of claim 4 wherein the external influence comprises a force on the plurality of magnetic particles that competes with the association between the plurality of magnetic particles and the detection surface.
17. The method of claim 6 wherein the fluid comprises a wash buffer.