Method for electrochemical plating and marking of metals
A method for the electrochemical plating or marking of metals includes providing a metal surface, providing an electroplating solution at the metal surface, and electroplating the metal surface with the electroplating solution. A top layer of the metal surface comprises an oxide scale. The method can also include masking a portion of the metal surface with a masking material. The electroplating solution can be provided at the metal surface by an electroplating brush, the oxide scale of the metal surface can be comprised primarily of magnetite and hematite, and the material comprising the metal surface can be steel.
1. A method for electroplating, the method comprising:
providing a metal substrate, the metal substrate having a surface layer comprising an oxide scale;
providing an electroplating solution at the metal substrate; and
electroplating the surface layer with the electroplating solution;
wherein the metal substrate consists of one of iron and steel,
wherein the oxide scale is formed prior to the step of providing the electroplating solution,
wherein the oxide scale is formed by thermal oxidation of the metal substrate,
wherein the oxide scale includes magnetite, and
wherein a thickness of the oxide scale varies from 8.49 μm to 13.7 μm.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
masking a portion of the metal substrate with a masking material.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the masking material masks the portion of the metal substrate in a predetermined pattern.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the predetermined pattern is a bar code.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the masking material is applied to the metal substrate by a thermal mask transfer system.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the masking material is an adhesive tape.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electroplating solution is provided at the metal substrate by an electroplating brush.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the electroplating solution is a Watts-type solution that comprises:
NiSO4 in a concentration of 330-480 g/L;
NiCl2 in a concentration of 45-80 g/L;
boric acid in a concentration of 35-60 g/L; and
lauryl sulfate in a concentration of 0.2-0.5 g/L.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the electroplating solution is heated to a temperature between 50° C. and 85° C.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein a voltage between the metal substrate and an anode is not more than 5.5 V and not less than 2.5 V.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxide scale of the metal substrate is comprised primarily of magnetite and hematite.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein, within the oxide scale, a compositional percentage of magnetite is greater than a compositional percentage of hematite.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate undergoes hot rolling prior to the step of providing the electroplating solution.
14. A method for electroplating, the method comprising:
providing a steel substrate, the steel substrate having a surface layer comprising an oxide scale;
providing an electroplating solution at the steel substrate; and
electroplating the surface layer with the electroplating solution,
wherein the oxide scale is formed prior to the step of providing the electroplating solution,
wherein the oxide scale is formed by thermal oxidation of the steel substrate,
wherein the oxide scale varies in thickness from 8.49 μm to 13.7 μm and includes magnetite, and wherein the steel substrate has a chemical composition comprising
carbon in a surface weight percentage of 0.26-0.32,
manganese in a surface weight percentage of 0.41-1.04,
sulfur in a surface weight percentage of 0.003-0.004,
phosphorus in a surface weight percentage of 0.008-0.011,
silicon in a surface weight percentage of 0.19-0.38,
nickel in a surface weight percentage of 0.46-0.08,
chromium in a surface weight percentage of 0.19-1.11,
molybdenum in a surface weight percentage of 0.02-0.79,
vanadium in a surface weight percentage of 0.002-0.004,
copper in a surface weight percentage of 0.06-0.11,
tin in a surface weight percentage of 0.004-0.009,
aluminum in a surface weight percentage of 0.006-0.042,
titanium in a surface weight percentage of 0.003-0.012, and
an iron balance.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the chemical composition of the steel substrate further comprises 20-22 ppm of calcium.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the oxide scale of the metal substrate is comprised primarily of magnetite and hematite.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein, within the oxide scale, a compositional percentage of magnetite is greater than a compositional percentage of hematite.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the metal substrate undergoes hot rolling prior to the step of providing the electroplating solution.