High power femtosecond laser with adjustable repetition rate and simplified structure

1. A variable repetition rate laser engine, comprising:

an oscillator that generates and outputs a beam of femtosecond seed pulses;

an integrated stretcher-compressor that stretches a duration of the seed pulses; and

a Q-switched cavity dumped regenerative amplifier that amplifies an amplitude of selected stretched seed pulses to create amplified stretched pulses; wherein

the stretcher-compressor compresses a duration of the amplified stretched pulses to output femtosecond laser pulses with the variable repetition rate, the configuration of the laser engine allowing the repetition rate to be varied while keeping the duration of the outputted laser pulses below 1,000 femtosecond;

a number of optical elements of the laser engine is less than 75; and

the amplifier comprises two end-mirrors defining a resonant cavity, and a switchable polarizer disposed between the end-mirrors configured to switch in less than 5 ns.

2. The laser engine of claim 1 , wherein:

the number of optical elements of the laser engine is less than 50.

3. The laser engine of claim 1 , wherein:

the number of optical elements of the laser engine in portions other than an oscillator is less than 50.

4. The laser engine of claim 1 , wherein:

the number of optical elements of the laser engine in portions other than the oscillator is less than 35.

5. The laser engine of claim 1 , wherein an optical element is one of:

a mirror, a lens, a parallel plate, a polarizer, an isolator, any switchable optical element, a refractive element, a transmissive element, or a reflective element.

6. The laser engine of claim 1 , wherein:

an optical element has the light entering from air and exiting into air.

7. The laser engine of claim 1 , the integrated stretcher-compressor comprising:

a chirped volume Bragg grating.

8. The laser engine of claim 1 , the amplifier comprising:

a dispersion compensator, disposed between the two end-mirrors, configured to compensate a dispersion introduced by optical elements of the amplifier.

9. The laser engine of claim 1 , the amplifier comprising:

two folding mirrors that fold a resonant optical pathway inside the amplifier, wherein at least one of the two end-mirrors and the two folding mirrors is a chirped mirror.

10. The laser engine of claim 1 , wherein:

the laser engine is configured to output a laser beam

with a first repetition rate; and

subsequently with a second repetition rate, different from the first repetition rate, with essentially the same setup of all optical elements of the laser engine, wherein

the first and the second repetition rates are within a range of one of 10 kHz-2 MHz, 50 kHz-1 MHz, or 100 kHz-500 kHz.

11. The laser engine of claim 10 , wherein:

the laser engine is configured so that the first repetition rate is changeable to the second repetition rate in a changing time less than 1 second.

12. The laser engine of claim 1 , wherein:

the switchable polarizer disposed between the end-mirrors is configured to switch between

a state in which the switchable polarizer adjusts a polarization of the amplified stretched pulses; and

a state in which the switchable polarizer essentially does not adjust the polarization of the amplified stretched pulses.

13. The laser engine of claim 1 , the amplifier comprising:

at least one focusing mirror; and

a laser crystal, located in close proximity of a focal point of the focusing mirror.

14. A laser engine, comprising:

an oscillator that generates and outputs a beam of femtosecond seed pulses;

a stretcher-compressor that stretches a duration of the seed pulses; and

an amplifier that

receives the stretched seed pulses from the stretcher-compressor,

amplifies an amplitude of selected stretched seed pulses to create amplified stretched pulses, and

outputs the amplified stretched pulses; wherein

the stretcher-compressor

receives the amplified stretched pulses,

compresses a duration of the amplified stretched pulses, and

outputs a laser beam of femtosecond pulses with a pulse duration of less than 1,000 femtoseconds; wherein

a number of optical elements in the laser engine in portions other than the oscillator is less than 50;

the amplifier comprises two end-mirrors defining a resonant cavity, and a switchable polarizer disposed between the end-mirrors configured to switch in less than 5 ns; and

the laser engine is configured to allow the repetition rate to be varied while keeping the duration of the outputted laser pulses below 1,000 femtosecond.

15. The laser engine of claim 14 , wherein:

a number of optical elements in the laser engine is less than 75.

16. The laser engine of claim 14 , wherein:

the switchable polarizer disposed between the end-mirrors is configured to switch in less than 4 ns between

a state in which the switchable polarizer adjusts a polarization of the amplified stretched pulses; and

a state in which the switchable polarizer essentially does not adjust the polarization of the amplified stretched pulses.

17. The laser engine of claim 14 , wherein:

the switchable polarizer disposed between the end-mirrors is configured to switch in less than 3 ns between

a state in which the switchable polarizer adjusts a polarization of the amplified stretched pulses; and

a state in which the switchable polarizer essentially does not adjust the polarization of the amplified stretched pulses.

18. The laser engine of claim 14 , wherein: the laser engine is configured to allow the repetition rate to be varied without adjusting any optical element of the laser engine.

19. The laser engine of claim 1 , wherein the configuration of the laser engine allowing the repetition rate to be varied comprises:

the configuration of the laser engine allowing the repetition rate to be varied without adjusting any optical element of the laser engine.