Methods and apparatus for cardiac valve repair
The methods, devices, and systems are provided for performing endovascular repair of atrioventricular and other cardiac valves in the heart. Regurgitation of an atrioventricular valve, particularly a mitral valve, can be repaired by modifying a tissue structure selected from the valve leaflets, the valve annulus, the valve chordae, and the papillary muscles. These structures may be modified by suturing, stapling, snaring, or shortening, using interventional tools which are introduced to a heart chamber. Preferably, the tissue structures will be temporarily modified prior to permanent modification. For example, opposed valve leaflets may be temporarily grasped and held into position prior to permanent attachment.
1. A method of modifying a heart valve of a patient, comprising:
advancing a delivery catheter through the patient's vasculature into the heart from a vascular access point remote from the heart, wherein the delivery catheter comprises an interventional tool having an anchor deployment mechanism and at least one anchor removably attached to the anchor deployment mechanism;
affixing a plurality of the anchors about the annulus of the heart valve while the heart remains beating using the anchor deployment mechanism of the interventional tool;
threading a suture through each of the anchors such that the suture does not penetrate the annulus; and
causing the plurality of anchors affixed about the annulus of the heart valve to modify the shape of the heart valve using the interventional tool while the heart remains beating.
2. A method as in claim 1 , wherein causing the plurality of the anchors to modify the shape of the heart valve comprises tightening the suture to draw the plurality of the anchors toward one another and tighten the annulus.
3. A method as in claim 2 , further comprising forming a knot in the suture to maintain a desired level of tightness of the annulus.
4. A method as in claim 1 , wherein causing the plurality of anchors to modify the shape of the heart valve comprises placing the anchors directly on the annulus such that each of the anchors penetrate and plicate a peripheral segment of the annulus so that the plurality of anchors collectively tighten the annulus.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein advancing the catheter comprises extending the catheter into the heart from a femoral venous location.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein advancing the catheter comprises extending the catheter across an inter-atrial septum of the heart.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein advancing the catheter comprises accessing the heart valve from the left ventricle of the heart.
8. A method as in claim 1 , further comprising evaluating in real-time heart valve function for indications of reduced regurgitation.
9. A method as in claim 1 , wherein placing the plurality of anchors further comprises deploying the anchors such that each of the deployed anchors penetrates a portion of the annulus.
10. A method as in claim 9 , wherein the anchors are deformable anchors.
11. A method of modifying a valve annulus in a heart, the method comprising:
providing percutaneously through a patient's vasculature into the heart from a vascular access point remote from the heart an anchor delivery device comprising a distal end configured to hold an anchor;
contacting the distal end of the anchor delivery device with a length of the valve annulus;
delivering a first anchor from the anchor delivery device to secure the first anchor to the annulus while the heart remains beating;
delivering at least a second anchor from the anchor delivery device to secure the at least a second anchor to the annulus while the heart remains beating;
threading a suture through each of the first anchor and the at least a second anchor such that the suture does not penetrate the annulus; and
drawing together the first anchor and the at least a second anchor by tightening the suture so as to circumferentially tighten the valve annulus using the anchor delivery device while the heart remains beating.
12. A method as in claim 11 , wherein the method is performed on a mitral valve annulus of the heart.
13. A method as in claim 12 , wherein the anchor delivery device is contacted with the length of the mitral valve annulus from within a left ventricle of the heart.
14. A method as in claim 12 , wherein the anchor delivery device is contacted with the length of the mitral valve annulus on an inferior side of an intersection of a left ventricular wall and at least one mitral valve leaflet of the heart.
15. A method as in claim 11 , further comprising evaluating in real-time heart valve function for indications of reduced regurgitation.
16. A method as in claim 11 , wherein delivering the first anchor and the at least a second anchor further comprises penetrating a portion of the annulus with the first anchor and the at least a second anchor.
17. A method as in claim 16 , wherein the first anchor and the at least a second anchor are deformable anchors.