Method of processing a ceramic layer and related articles
A method of processing a ceramic layer is provided. The method comprises the steps of providing a ceramic layer comprising a plurality of microcracks; infiltrating at least some of the plurality of microcracks with a liquid precursor comprising at least one oxidizable metal ion; and exposing the ceramic layer to a base having a pH value of at least about 9, so as to chemically convert the oxidizable metal ion into an oxide, thereby decreasing the porosity of the ceramic layer. A solid oxide fuel cell is provided. The solid oxide fuel cell comprises an anode; a cathode; and a ceramic electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode. The ceramic electrolyte is processed by the method comprising the steps of providing a ceramic electrolyte comprising a plurality of microcracks; infiltrating at least some of the plurality of microcracks with a liquid precursor comprising at least one oxidizable metal ion; and exposing the ceramic electrolyte to a base having a pH value of at least about 9, so as to chemically convert the oxidizable metal ion into an oxide, thereby decreasing the porosity of the ceramic electrolyte.
1. A method comprising:
providing a ceramic layer comprising a plurality of microcracks;
infiltrating at least some of the plurality of microcracks with a liquid precursor comprising at least one oxidizable metal ion; and
exposing the ceramic layer to a base having a pH value of at least about 9, so as to chemically convert the oxidizable metal ion into an oxide within the microcracks, thereby decreasing the porosity of the ceramic layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the steps of infiltrating and chemical conversion are repeated at least once, to achieve a desired decrease in the porosity of the ceramic layer.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the desired decrease in porosity of the ceramic layer is by at least about 15%.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the ceramic layer to a base comprises heating the ceramic layer in the presence of a base to a temperature in a range from about 60° C. to about 150° C.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the heating of the ceramic layer comprises heating to a temperature in a range from about 80° C. to about 120° C.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the ceramic layer to a base comprises applying a pressure.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the ceramic layer is heated while being exposed to the base under pressure.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the pressure is in a range from about 100 kilo pascals to about 130 mega pascals.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the pressure is in a range from about 100 kilo pascals to about 30 mega pascals.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the ceramic layer is heated to a temperature in a range from about 60° C. to about 300° C.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic layer comprises a ceramic electrolyte.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the ceramic electrolyte comprises a material selected from the group consisting of yttria-stabilized zirconia, rare-earth-oxide-stabilized zirconia, scandia-stabilized zirconia, rare-earth doped ceria, alkaline-earth doped ceria, stabilized hafnia, rare-earth oxide stabilized bismuth oxide, and lanthanum strontium magnesium gallate.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the ceramic electrolyte comprises yttria-stabilized zirconia.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing the ceramic layer comprises formation of the ceramic layer by a method selected from the group consisting of thermal spraying, physical vapor deposition, electron beam physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, tape casting, screen-printing, and sol gel coating.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein thermal spraying comprises a method selected from the group consisting of air plasma spraying, flame spraying, vacuum plasma spray, low pressure plasma spray and detonation coating.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein thermal spraying comprises air plasma spraying.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid precursor comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of a halide, a nitrate, an alcoholate, an acetate, a citrate, a ketonate, an isopropoxide, an alkoxy carboxylate, an acrylate, an amide, an azide, and an imide.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid precursor comprises a nitrate.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxidizable metal ion comprises at least one ion selected from the group consisting of Zr, Ce, Y, Sc, Gd, Sm, Eu, Pr, Ba, Fe, Al, Co, La, Mn, Ga, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ti, Hf, and Bi.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the base has a pH value of at least about 12.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the base comprises an organic base.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the organic base comprises at least one base selected from the group consisting of an amine, an imine, and a hydroxide.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the hydroxide comprises tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic layer is exposed to vapors of the base, so as to chemically convert the oxidizable metal ion into an oxide.
25. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating the ceramic layer to a sufficient temperature and duration after the chemical conversion step, so as to crystallize chemically-converted oxide, and thereby increase the bulk conductivity of the ceramic layer by at least about 30%.
26. A method comprising:
providing a ceramic electrolyte, which itself comprises a plurality of microcracks;
infiltrating the ceramic electrolyte with a liquid precursor comprising at least one oxidizable metal ion to form an infiltrated ceramic electrolyte;
exposing the infiltrated ceramic electrolyte to a base having a pH value of at least about 9 at temperatures less than about 120° C., so as to chemically convert the oxidizable metal ion into an oxide, thereby decreasing the porosity of the ceramic electrolyte.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein, the porosity of the ceramic electrolyte is decreased to the extent necessary to obtain a gas permeability, measured in air, of less than about 1×10-10 cm2 Pa-1 sec-1.