Negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, a method of preparing the same, and a rechargeable lithium battery comprising the same
Negative active materials for rechargeable lithium batteries, methods of manufacturing the negative active materials, and rechargeable lithium batteries including the negative active materials are provided. One negative active material includes an active metal core and a crack inhibiting layer formed on the core. The crack inhibiting layer includes a carbon-based material.
1. A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery comprising:
an active metal core consisting essentially of active metal particles; and
a crack inhibiting layer comprising a crystalline carbon-based material having changeable pores configured to be compressed upon expansion of the active metal core and to be expanded upon contraction of the active metal core, the crystalline carbon-based material physically contacting a surface of the active metal core, wherein the carbon-based material has an average particle diameter ranging from about 5 nm to about 5 μm.
2. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the active metal core comprises an active metal selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Al, Zn, Pb, Bi, Ag, Cd, Sb, and combinations thereof.
3. The negative active material of claim 2 , wherein the active metal is selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, and combinations thereof.
4. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-based material is selected from the group consisting of carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowires, soft carbon, hard carbon, and combinations thereof.
5. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the active metal particles have an average particle diameter of about 50 μm or less.
6. The negative active material of claim 5 , wherein the active metal particles have an average particle diameter ranging from about 1 to about 10 μm.
7. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-based material has an average particle diameter ranging from about 100 nm to about 1 μm.
8. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a thickness of the crack inhibiting layer to an average particle diameter of the active metal particles ranges from about 1/1000 to about 1/2.
9. The negative active material of claim 8 , wherein a ratio of a thickness of the crack inhibiting layer to an average particle diameter of the active metal particles ranges from about 1/100 to about 1/10.
10. A rechargeable lithium battery comprising:
a negative electrode comprising a negative active material comprising:
an active metal core consisting essentially of active metal particles; and
a crack inhibiting layer comprising a crystalline carbon-based material having changeable pores configured to be compressed when the rechargeable lithium battery is being charged and to be decompressed when the rechargeable lithium battery is being discharged, the crystalline carbon-based material physically contacting a surface of the active metal core, wherein the carbon-based material has an average particle diameter ranging from about 5 nm to about 5 μm;
a positive electrode including a positive active material capable of reversibly intercalating and deintercalating lithium; and
an electrolyte.
11. The rechargeable lithium battery of claim 10 , wherein the active metal core comprises an active metal selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Al, Zn, Pb, Bi, Ag, Cd, Sb, and combinations thereof.
12. The rechargeable lithium battery of claim 10 , wherein the carbon-based material is selected from the group consisting of carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowires, soft carbon, hard carbon, and combinations thereof.
13. The rechargeable lithium battery of claim 10 , wherein the active metal particles have an average particle diameter of about 50 μm or less.
14. The rechargeable lithium battery of claim 10 , wherein the carbon-based material has an average particle diameter ranging from about 100 nm to about 1 μm.
15. The rechargeable lithium battery of claim 10 , wherein a ratio of a thickness of the crack inhibiting layer to an average particle diameter of the active metal particles ranges from about 1/1000 to about 1/2.