Biochar production method and composition therefrom
The invention is directed to a method for producing an oxygenated biochar material possessing a cation-exchanging property, wherein a biochar source is reacted with one or more oxygenating compounds in such a manner that the biochar source homogeneously acquires oxygen-containing cation-exchanging groups in an incomplete combustion process. The invention is also directed to oxygenated biochar compositions and soil formulations containing the oxygenated biochar material.
1. An oxygenated biochar composition possessing an oxygen-to-carbon molar ratio of at least 0.3:1 and a cation exchange capacity of at least 140 mmol/kg.
2. The oxygenated biochar composition of claim 1 , wherein the oxygenated biochar possesses a cation exchange capacity of at least 300 mmol/kg.
3. The oxygenated biochar composition of claim 1 , wherein the oxygenated biochar possesses a cation exchange capacity of at least 500 mmol/kg.
4. The oxygenated biochar composition of claim 1 , wherein the oxygenated biochar is enriched in nitrogen-containing fertilizing compounds.
5. The oxygenated biochar composition of claim 2 , wherein the oxygenated biochar is enriched in nitrogen-containing fertilizing compounds.
6. A soil formulation containing as a component therein soil admixed with the oxygenated biochar composition of claim 1 .
7. A soil formulation containing as a component therein soil admixed with the oxygenated biochar composition of claim 2 .
8. The oxygenated biochar composition of claim 1 , wherein said oxygenated biochar possesses an oxygen-to-carbon molar ratio of at least 0.35:1.
9. A method for producing an oxygenated biochar material possessing a cation-exchanging property, the method comprising reacting a biochar source under mixing conditions with at least one oxygenating compound under incomplete combustion conditions, wherein said mixing conditions are effective to produce an oxygenated biochar having a homogeneous distribution of oxygen-containing cation-exchanging groups, and wherein the process employs a precisely controlled level of oxygen that achieves a biochar with a uniform set of characteristics selected from the group consisting of oxygen-to-carbon molar ratio and cation exchange capacity.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said at least one oxygenating compound is oxygen gas.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the oxygen-containing cation-exchanging groups are selected from the group consisting of hydroxy groups, carboxy groups, and a combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein reacting biochar with the at least one oxygenating compound is effected by treating the biochar with an oxygen-plasma process.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein said reacting of biochar with the at least one oxygenating compound is conducted at a temperature and for a period of time effective for functionalizing the biochar source with said oxygen-containing cation-exchanging groups in an incomplete combustion process.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said reacting of biochar is conducted by performing the reaction in a closed container containing said biochar and an amount of oxygenating compound less than the amount required for complete combustion of said biochar.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein said reacting of biochar is conducted by rapid quenching of the reaction before complete oxidation can take place.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the reaction is quenched by contacting the reacting biochar with water.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the reaction is quenched by covering the reacting biochar with an inert substance.
18. The method of claim 9 , wherein said method is integrated in a biomass-to-biofuel process.
19. The method of claim 9 , wherein no more than 10% by weight of the carbon contained in the biochar source is converted to one or more oxide gases of combustion.
20. The method of claim 9 , wherein no more than 5% by weight of the carbon contained in the biochar source is converted to one or more oxide gases of combustion.
21. The method of claim 9 , wherein no more than 2% by weight of the carbon contained in the biochar source is converted to one or more oxide gases of combustion.
22. The method of claim 9 , wherein no more than 1% by weight of the carbon contained in the biochar source is converted to one or more oxide gases of combustion.
23. An oxygenated biochar composition produced by the method of claim 9 , wherein the oxygenated biochar possesses an oxygen-to-carbon molar ratio of at least 0.3:1 and a cation exchange capacity of at least 140 mmol/kg.
24. The oxygenated biochar composition of claim 23 , wherein the oxygenated biochar possesses a cation exchange capacity of at least 300 mmol/kg.
25. The method of claim 9 , wherein said method is a batch-to-batch operation that achieves batch-to-batch reproducibility in characteristics of the biochar, with each batch substantially uniform in characteristics of the biochar.