Flooded lead-acid battery and method of making the same
Positive active material pastes for flooded deep discharge lead-acid batteries, methods of making the same and lead-acid batteries including the same are provided. The positive active material paste includes lead oxide, a sulfate additive, and an aqueous acid. The positive active material paste contains from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt % of the sulfate additive. Batteries using such positive active material pastes exhibit greatly improved performance over batteries with conventional positive active material pastes.
1. A flooded lead-acid rechargeable battery comprising:
at least one negative plate;
at least one positive plate comprising in a charged state:
an un-clad cast positive electrode grid made of a lead-antimony alloy comprising about 2 to about 11 wt % antimony; and
a positive paste directly on the grid, the positive paste comprising an oxide of lead and an additive comprising a metal or metal oxide, wherein the metal is a metal other than lead, and a molar ratio of lead to the metal or metal oxide of the additive ranges from about 90:1 to 1000:1; and
an aqueous electrolyte.
2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the metal exists as an oxide of the metal in a charged state.
3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the metal or metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of tin, indium, zinc, titanium oxide, calcium, bismuth and potassium.
4. The battery of claim 3 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of tin, calcium and indium.
5. The battery of claim 3 , wherein the metal is tin.
6. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the positive paste has a lead to metal or metal oxide molar ratio of greater than about 450:1.
7. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the lead to metal or metal oxide molar ratio of the positive active paste ranges from about 450:1 to about 650:1.
8. The battery of claim 7 , wherein the lead to metal or metal oxide molar ratio of the positive active paste is about 500:1.
9. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the battery is aged.
10. The battery of claim 9 , wherein the battery is aged for about 2 months to about 6.5 months.
11. A flooded lead-acid rechargeable battery comprising:
at least one negative plate;
at least one positive plate comprising in a charged state:
an un-clad cast positive electrode grid made of a lead-antimony alloy comprising about 2 to about 11 wt % antimony; and
a positive paste directly on the grid, the positive paste comprising an oxide of lead and an additive comprising a metal or metal oxide, wherein the metal is a metal other than lead, and a weight ratio of lead to the metal or metal oxide of the additive ranges from about 170:1 to 1750:1; and
an aqueous electrolyte.
12. The battery of claim 11 , wherein the additive comprises tin and the positive active paste has a lead to tin weight ratio of greater than about 800:1.
13. The battery of claim 12 , wherein the lead to tin weight ratio of the positive active paste ranges from about 800:1 to about 1100:1.
14. The battery of claim 12 , wherein the lead to tin weight ratio of the positive active paste is about 900:1.
15. A flooded lead-acid rechargeable battery comprising:
at least one negative plate;
at least one positive plate comprising in a charged state:
an un-clad cast positive electrode grid made of a lead-antimony alloy comprising about 2 to about 11 wt % antimony; and
a positive paste directly on the grid, the positive paste comprising an oxide of lead and an additive comprising a metal or metal oxide, wherein the metal is a metal other than lead, the additive being present in the positive paste in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1 wt % on a dry basis; and
an aqueous electrolyte.
16. The battery of claim 15 , wherein the additive is present in the positive paste in an amount of about 0.2 wt % on a dry basis.
17. The battery of claim 15 , wherein the additive present in the positive paste in an amount of about 0.18 wt % on a dry basis.