Method of enhancing fracture conductivity
The method disclosed herein includes the introduction of proppant-free stage and a proppant laden stage into the wellbore and/or subterranean formation. The method increases the effective fracture width and enhances fracture conductivity within the formation. Either the proppant-free stage or the proppant laden stage contains a breaker. The other stage contains a viscosifying polymer or viscoelastic surfactant to which the breaker has affinity. The proppant-free stage may be introduced prior to introduction of the proppant laden stage into the wellbore and/or formation. Alternatively, the proppant laden stage may be introduced into the wellbore and/or formation prior to introduction of the proppant-free stage.
1. A method of hydraulically fracturing a subterranean formation comprising:
(a) pumping into the formation at least two stages wherein a first stage is a proppant-free fluid and a second stage is a proppant laden slurry and further wherein one of the stages contains a first viscosifying polymer and a crosslinking agent and the other stage contains a breaker and optionally a second viscosifying polymer, viscoelastic surfactant and/or friction reduction agent; and
(b) degrading the first viscosifying polymer with the breaker wherein the breaker has greater affinity for the first viscosifying polymer than the optional second viscosifying polymer, viscoelastic surfactant and/or friction reduction agent which may be present in the stage containing the breaker; and
further wherein (i) the first viscosifying polymer is selected from the group consisting of cellulose, cellulose derivatives, starch, starch derivatives, xanthan, derivatized xanthan and mixtures thereof; and (ii) the crosslinking agent contains a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, antimony, zirconium and titanium.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first viscosifying polymer is a cellulose derivative.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the apparent specific gravity of the proppant of the proppant laden slurry is less than or equal to 2.25.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first viscosifying polymer is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and dialkyl carboxymethyl cellulose.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the crosslinking agent contains zirconium.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the breaker is an enzyme.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the enzyme is capable of attacking glucosidic linkages of the cellulose backbone.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the breaker is selected from the group consisting of cellulase, nonspecific hemicellulases, glucosidase, endo-xylanase and exo-xylanase.
9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the breaker is selected from the group consisting of ammonium persulfate, ammonium peroxydisulfate, sodium persulfate, sodium bromate, encapsulated ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, encapsulated potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, sodium bromate, inorganic peroxides, encapsulated inorganic peroxides, organic peroxides, encapsulated organic peroxides, sodium perborate, magnesium perborate, calcium perborate and encapsulated sodium perborate.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first stage is introduced into the formation prior to the second stage.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second stage is introduced into the formation prior to the first stage.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first viscosifying polymer is present in the proppant-free fluid.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first viscosifying polymer is present in the proppant laden slurry.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the proppant laden slurry is introduced into the formation at a concentration sufficient to achieve a partial monolayer fracture and further wherein a partial monolayer fracture is created in the formation.
15. A method of hydraulically fracturing a subterranean formation comprising pumping into the formation at least two stages wherein either:
(a) the first stage is a proppant laden slurry and contains at least one viscosifying polymer and at least one crosslinking agent and the second stage is free of proppant and contains a breaker and, optionally a viscoelastic surfactant and/or friction reduction polymer; or
(b) the first stage is free of proppant and contains at least one viscosifying polymer and at least one crosslinking agent and the second stage is a proppant laden slurry which contains a breaker and at least one member selected from the group consisting of viscoelastic surfactants and friction reduction polymers
wherein the breaker has greater affinity for the at least one viscosifying polymer than the viscoelastic surfactant and/or friction reduction polymer and further wherein:
(i) the first viscosifying polymer is selected from the group consisting of cellulose, cellulose derivatives, starch, starch derivatives, xanthan, derivatized xanthan and mixtures thereof; and
(ii) the crosslinking agent contains a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, antimony, zirconium and titanium.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the at least one viscosifying polymer is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and dialkyl carboxymethyl cellulose.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the crosslinking agent contains zirconium.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the breaker is an enzyme capable of attacking glucosidic linkages of the cellulose backbone or is an oxidative breaker.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the breaker is an oxidative breaker selected from the group consisting of ammonium persulfate, ammonium peroxydisulfate, sodium persulfate, sodium bromate, encapsulated ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, encapsulated potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, sodium bromate, inorganic peroxides, encapsulated inorganic peroxides, organic peroxides, encapsulated organic peroxides, sodium perborate, magnesium perborate, calcium perborate and encapsulated sodium perborate.
20. A method of hydraulically fracturing a subterranean formation comprising:
(a) pumping into the formation at least two stages wherein a first stage is a proppant-free fluid and a second stage is a proppant laden slurry and further wherein one of the stages contains a zirconium containing crosslinking agent and a first viscosifying polymer selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose and the other stage contains a polyacrylamide friction reduction agent and at least one breaker selected from the group consisting of cellulases and oxidative breakers; and
(b) degrading the first viscosifying polymer with the breaker, wherein the breaker has greater affinity for the first viscosifying polymer than the polyacrylamide friction reduction agent.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the breaker is an oxidative breaker selected from the group consisting of ammonium persulfate, ammonium peroxydisulfate, sodium persulfate, sodium bromate, encapsulated ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, encapsulated potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, sodium bromate, inorganic peroxides, encapsulated inorganic peroxides, organic peroxides, encapsulated organic peroxides, sodium perborate, magnesium perborate, calcium perborate and encapsulated sodium perborate.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the proppant-free fluid is pumped into the formation prior to pumping the proppant laden slurry into the formation.
23. The method of claim 20 , wherein the proppant laden slurry is pumped into the formation prior to pumping the proppant-free fluid.
24. The method of claim 20 , wherein the fluid of the proppant laden fluid is slickwater.
25. The method of claim 20 , wherein the proppant laden fluid introduced into the formation at a concentration sufficient to create a partial monolayer of proppant in the fracture.