Methods and compositions for regulating biofilm development
The present invention relates to methods for promoting dispersal of, or preventing formation of microbial biofilms, comprising: exposing a biofilm to an effective amount of nitric oxide or at least one nitric oxide generating or releasing agent; treating a surface or medium susceptible to biofilm formation with an effective amount of nitric oxide or at least one nitric oxide generating or releasing agent; incorporating an effective amount of nitric oxide or at least one nitric oxide generating or releasing agent in a surface or medium susceptible to biofilm formation; or inducing the accumulation of one or more reactive oxygen or nitrogen species within microorganisms within said biofilm or capable of forming a biofilm. The invention also relates to methods for maintaining or enhancing or maintaining and enhancing the functioning of a biofilm, comprising exposing a biofilm to at least one nitric oxide scavenger, at least one antioxidant or at least one nitric oxide scavenger and at least one antioxidant. The invention also relates to compositions for promoting dispersal of, or preventing formation of microbial biofilms, or for maintaining or enhancing or maintaining and enhancing the functioning of microbial biofilms.
1. A method for promoting dispersal of a Pseudomonas or Candida microbial biofilm, the method comprising:
adding to the environment of the Pseudomonas or Candida microbial biofilm an effective, non-toxic amount of nitric oxide or at least one nitric oxide generating or releasing agent; and
inducing the accumulation of an effective amount of one or more reactive oxygen or nitrogen species within Pseudomonas or Candida microorganisms within the Pseudomonas or Candida microbial biofilm;
wherein the effective, non-toxic amount of nitric oxide is equivalent to the amount of nitric oxide generated or released by about 25 nM to about 2.5 mM sodium nitroprusside for a Pseudomonas microbrial biofilm; and
wherein the effective, non-toxic amount of nitric oxide is equivalent to the amount of nitric oxide generated or released by about 25 nM to about 100 nM sodium nitroprusside for a Candida microbrial biofilm.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one nitric oxide generating or releasing agent comprises one or more nitric oxide donors.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the at least one nitric oxide donor is sodium nitroprusside, S-nitroso-L-glutathione, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine or a combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the microorganisms present in the biofilm or capable of forming a biofilm are of a single species selected from Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Candida albicans.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the microorganisms present in the biofilm or capable of forming a biofilm are of multiple species.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microorganisms within said biofilm or capable of forming a biofilm comprise bacterial or fungal species.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising treating said surface or medium with, incorporating in said surface or medium, or exposing the microorganisms within said biofilm or capable of forming a biofilm to, at least one antimicrobial agent.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the antimicrobial agent is selected from an antibiotic, a surfactant, an oxidative stress-inducing agent, or a combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are selected from peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals, or a combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said method comprises inducing differentiation events in microorganisms within said biofilm which lead to dispersal or wherein said method comprises preventing induction of differentiation events in microorganisms which lead to biofilm formation.
11. The method of claim 1 which comprises increasing the sensitivity of a microorganism to one or more antimicrobial agents.
12. The method of claim 1 comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of nitric oxide or at least one nitric oxide generating or releasing agent for the treatment of a biofilm-associated condition in said subject.
13. The method of claim 12 further comprising administering to said subject at least one antimicrobial agent.
14. The method of claim 4 , wherein the microorganisms present in the biofilm or capable of forming a biofilm are Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
15. The method of claim 4 , wherein the microorganisms present in the biofilm or capable of forming a biofilm are Candida albicans.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biofilm is a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and wherein about 25 nM to about 2.5 mM sodium nitroprusside is added to the environment of the biofilm.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biofilm is a Candida albicans biofilm and wherein about 25 nM to about 100 nM sodium nitroprusside is added to the environment of the biofilm.