Dispersions of submicron doped silicon particles
Methods are described that have the capability of producing submicron/nanoscale particles, in some embodiments dispersible, at high production rates. In some embodiments, the methods result in the production of particles with an average diameter less than about 75 nanometers that are produced at a rate of at least about 35 grams per hour. In other embodiments, the particles are highly uniform. These methods can be used to form particle collections and/or powder coatings. Powder coatings and corresponding methods are described based on the deposition of highly uniform submicron/nanoscale particles.
1. A dispersion comprising from about 0.075 weight percent to about 30 weight percent doped silicon nanoparticles and a solvent, wherein the nanoparticles have an average primary particle size of about 2 nm to about 100 nm and wherein the nanoparticles comprise a phosphorous dopant.
2. The dispersion of claim 1 further comprising a polymer.
3. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles comprise a surface modifier chemically bonded to the surface of the nanoparticles.
4. The dispersion of claim 3 wherein the surface modifier is chemically bonded to the surface of the nanoparticles through a siloxane functional group, a phosphonate functional group or an oxo functional group.
5. The dispersion of claim 3 wherein the surface modifier is bonded to nanoparticle through a functional group formed by bonding of an amine, an alcohol, a thiol, a halogen, an isocyanate, cyanate, a thiocyanate, an epoxy, a vinyl silyl, a silyl hydride, a silyl halogen, a mono-, di- and trihaloorganosilane, phosphonate, an organometalic carboxylate, a vinyl group, an allyl group or any unsaturated carbon groups, of a surface modifier to the nanoparticle.
6. The dispersion of claim 3 wherein the surface modifier is bonded to the nanoparticle through a functional group formed by bonding a silyl group of the surface modifier to the nanoparticle.
7. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein at least about 95 percent of the silicon nanoparticles have a size that is greater than about 40 percent of the average primary particle size and that is less than about 200 percent of the average primary particle size.
8. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the silicon nanoparticles have an average primary particle size from about 5 nm to about 50 nm.
9. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles have an average secondary particle size of less than about 500 nm.
10. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the solvent comprises an alcohol.
11. A dispersion comprising from about 0.075 weigh percent to about 30 weight percent doped silicon nanoparticles and a solvent, wherein the nanoparticles have an average primary particle size of about 2 nm to about 100 nm and an average secondary particle size of less than about 500 nm, and wherein the nanoparticles comprise a boron dopant.
12. The dispersion of claim 11 wherein the solvent comprises an alcohol.
13. The dispersion of claim 11 further comprising a polymer.
14. The dispersion of claim 11 wherein the nanoparticles comprise a surface modifier chemically bonded to the surface of the nanoparticles.
15. A dispersion comprising from about 0.075 weight percent to about 30 weight percent doped silicon nanoparticles, a surface modifier bonded to the surface of the nanoparticles and a solvent, wherein the nanoparticles have an average primary particle size of about 2 nm to about 100 nm.
16. The dispersion of claim 15 wherein the nanoparticles comprise a phosphorous dopant.
17. The dispersion of claim 15 wherein the nanoparticles comprise a boron dopant.
18. The dispersion of claim 15 wherein the solvent comprises an alcohol.
19. The dispersion of claim 15 wherein the surface modifier is bonded to nanoparticle through a functional group formed by bonding of an amine, an alcohol, a thiol, a halogen, an isocyanate, cyanate, a thiocyanate, an epoxy, a vinyl silyl, a silyl hydride, a silyl halogen, a mono-, di- and trihaloorganosilane, phosphonate, an organometalic carboxylate, a vinyl group, an allyl group or any unsaturated carbon groups, of a surface modifier to the nanoparticle.
20. The dispersion of claim 15 wherein the surface modifier is bonded to the nanoparticle through a functional group formed by bonding a silyl group of the surface modifier to the nanoparticle.
21. The dispersion of claim 15 wherein the nanoparticles have an average secondary particle size of less than about 250 nm.