Systems and methods for electrical stimulation of blood vessels

1. A method for electrically massaging a blood vessel, comprising:

dilating the vessel, wherein dilating the vessel includes electrically stimulating smooth muscle of the vessel at a predetermined frequency and a predetermined voltage and a predetermined duty cycle to decrease tonus of the smooth muscle;

constricting the vessel, wherein constricting the vessel includes electrically stimulating smooth muscle of the vessel at a predetermined frequency and a predetermined voltage and a predetermined duty cycle to increase tonus of the smooth muscle;

providing vascular massage, wherein providing vascular massage includes alternating electrical stimulation for vessel dilation and vessel constriction;

sensing a physiological parameter; and

adjusting the electrical stimulation to the vessel based on the sensed physiological parameter.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein dilating the vessel includes electrically stimulating smooth muscle at a frequency of about 1 Hz.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein dilating the vessel includes electrically stimulating smooth muscle at a voltage of about 70 Volts.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined duty cycle for dilating the vessel includes a continuous duty cycle.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein electrically stimulating smooth muscle includes applying stimulation using an implantable device.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein applying stimulation using an implantable device includes applying stimulation using a stand-alone angina therapy device.

7. The method of claim 5 , wherein applying stimulation using an implantable device includes applying stimulation using a stand-alone hypertension therapy device.

8. The method of claim 5 , wherein applying stimulation using an implantable device includes applying stimulation using a cardiac device.

9. A method for electrically massaging a blood vessel, comprising:

dilating the vessel, wherein dilating the vessel includes applying a first electrical stimulation therapy to the vessel at a first predetermined frequency and a first predetermined voltage and a first predetermined duty cycle;

constricting the vessel, wherein constricting the vessel includes applying a second electrical stimulation therapy to the vessel at a second predetermined frequency and a second predetermined voltage and a second predetermined duty cycle; and

providing vascular massage, wherein providing vascular massage includes alternating dilation and constriction and controlling timing and duration of dilation and constriction.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein controlling timing and duration of dilation and constriction includes adjusting the vascular massage to increase vessel compliance.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein applying the first electrical stimulation therapy to a blood vessel includes applying electrical stimulation to a descending aorta.

12. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:

sensing at least one physiological parameter; and

adjusting timing and duration of dilation and constriction based on the sensed parameter.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein sensing a physiological parameter includes sensing blood pressure.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein sensing a physiological parameter includes sensing blood vessel diameter.

15. A method, comprising:

massaging a blood vessel, wherein massaging the blood vessel includes dilating and constricting the vessel,

wherein constricting the blood vessel includes:

applying electrical stimulation to a blood vessel at a frequency of at least 16 Hz and a voltage level of at least 10 Volts to produce vascular constriction; and

controlling timing and duration of constriction to regulate therapy.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein controlling timing and duration of constriction to regulate therapy includes controlling timing and duration of constriction to regulate blood pressure.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein applying electrical stimulation includes a voltage level of at least 70 Volts.

18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:

sensing at least one physiological parameter; and

adjusting timing and duration of constriction based on the sensed parameter.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein sensing a physiological parameter includes sensing blood pressure.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein electrical stimulation is applied when sensed blood pressure increases above a first threshold and is ceased when sensed blood pressure decreases below a second threshold.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the first and second thresholds are programmable parameters.

22. A system for stimulating a blood vessel to affect vascular therapy, comprising:

at least one electrode adapted for electrical contact with the vessel;

a stimulation circuit electrically connected to the electrode, the circuit adapted to provide stimulation to the vessel; and

a controller connected to the circuit, the controller adapted to select frequency and voltage parameters for the stimulation circuit to selectively affect vascular therapy, including alternating constriction of the vessel and dilation of the vessel to provide vascular massage.

23. The system of claim 22 , further comprising an implantable medical device (IMD), and wherein the stimulation circuit and controller are contained within the IMD.

24. The system of claim 23 , further comprising a sensor connected to the controller.

25. The system of claim 24 , wherein the IMD initiates or alters therapy based on a signal received from the sensor.

26. The system of claim 23 , wherein the IMD initiates or alters therapy based on a signal received from an external source via wireless telemetry.