Actuator comprising elements made of shape memory alloy with broadened range of working temperatures
An actuator is described in which a functional element is made of a shape memory alloy, and the actuator includes means for increasing the load applied onto the functional element when the external temperature increases, thus causing a consequent variation of transition temperatures characterizing the hysteresis cycle of the functional element.
1. An actuator employing elements made of a shape memory alloy comprising:
a first element made of a shape memory alloy capable of modifying its shape upon heating, having a stationary first end and a second end linked to a controlled mechanical part;
heating means for heating said first element made of a shape memory alloy;
bias means for allowing return of said first element to its original shape during cooling, the bias means having a first end connected to the second end of said first element and a second end connected to an inner restraint of the actuator; and
moving means capable of moving said inner restraint of the actuator to increase a load applied onto said bias means when external temperature exceeds a value M 1 of complete transformation into a martensitic phase of said first element made of shape memory alloy,
wherein said moving means capable of moving said inner restraint of the actuator is such to autonomously react to an increase of the external temperature.
2. The actuator according to claim 1 , wherein the moving means for increasing the load are housed in a containing element.
3. The actuator according to claim 1 , wherein the moving means for moving the inner restraint are chosen among a motor connected to a temperature sensor, metallic parts which elongate upon heating, or bimetallic elements.
4. The actuator according to claim 1 , wherein the moving means for moving the inner restraint are formed of a second element made of a shape memory alloy in thermal equilibrium with a surrounding environment, the second element being so dimensioned to exert, during a transition consequent to heating, a force higher than that exerted by said first element made of shape memory alloy and having a first stationary end and a second end linked to said inner restraint of the actuator.