Metallic nanofiber ink, substantially transparent conductor, and fabrication method
An exemplary printable composition comprises a liquid or gel suspension of a plurality of metallic nanofibers or nanowires; a first solvent; and a viscosity modifier, resin, or binder. In various embodiments, the metallic nanofibers are between about 10 microns to about 100 microns in length, are between about 10 nm to about 120 nm in diameter, and are typically functionalized with a coating or partial coating of polyvinyl pyrrolidone or a similar compound. An exemplary metallic nanofiber ink which can be printed to produce a substantially transparent conductor comprises a plurality of metallic nanofibers; one or more solvents such as 1-butanol, ethanol, 1-pentanol, n-methylpyrrolidone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, 1-hexanol, acetic acid, cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof; and a viscosity modifier, resin, or binder such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone or a polyimide, for example.
1. A conductive ink composition to produce a substantially transparent conductor, the composition comprising:
a plurality of metallic nanowires, substantially all of the metallic nanowires substantially coated only with a first polymer comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) having a first molecular weight less than about 50,000;
a first solvent comprising cyclohexanol; and
a second polymer or polymeric precursor in solution with the cyclohexanol and comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) having a second molecular weight greater than about 500,000.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of metallic nanowires have lengths between about 5 μm and about 100 μm and diameters between about 10 nm and about 200 nm.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of metallic nanowires comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of: aluminum, copper, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, tin, platinum, lead, zinc, alloys thereof, and mixtures thereof.
4. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising a second solvent different from the first solvent.
5. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the second solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of: water; alcohols; cyclic alcohols; lactones; cyclic ketones; glycols; glycerols; carboxylic acids; dicarboxylic acids; tricarboxylic acids; alkyl carboxylic acids; and mixtures thereof.
6. The composition of claim 4 , further comprising a third solvent different from the first and second solvents, wherein the third solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of: water; alcohols; cyclic alcohols; lactones; cyclic ketones; glycols; glycerols; carboxylic acids; dicarboxylic acids; tricarboxylic acids; alkyl carboxylic acids; and mixtures thereof.
7. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the second solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of: butanols, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, and mixtures thereof.
8. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the second solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of: carboxylic acids; dicarboxylic acids; tricarboxylic acids; alkyl carboxylic acids; and mixtures thereof.
9. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of metallic nanowires are present in an amount of about 0.01% to 5.0% by weight; wherein the first solvent is present in an amount of about 2% to 98% by weight; wherein the second polymer or polymeric precursor is present in an amount of about 0.75% to 10.0% by weight; wherein the second solvent is present in an amount of about 0.2% to 20% by weight; and wherein the first molecular weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) is substantially between about 5,000 to about 50,000 and the second molecular weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) is substantially between about 500,000 to about 1,500,000.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a viscosity substantially between about 200 cps and about 20,000 cps at about 25° C.
11. A conductive ink composition comprising:
a plurality of metallic nanowires present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5.0% by weight, substantially all of the metallic nanowires substantially coated only with a first polymer comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) having a first molecular weight less than about 50,000;
a first solvent comprising cyclohexanol and present in an amount of about 2% to 98% by weight;
a second solvent different from the first solvent, the second solvent present in an amount of about 1.0% to about 28.0% by weight; and
a second polymer or polymeric precursor in solution with the first and second solvents, present in an amount of about 0.5% to about 15.0% by weight, and comprising only polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) having a second molecular weight greater than about 500,000.
12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the plurality of metallic nanowires have lengths between about 5 μm and about 100 μm and diameters between about 10 nm and about 200 nm, and wherein the plurality of metallic nanowires comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of: aluminum, copper, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, tin, platinum, lead, zinc, alloys thereof, and mixtures thereof.
13. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the second solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of: water; alcohols; cyclic alcohols; lactones; cyclic ketones; glycols; glycerols; carboxylic acids; dicarboxylic acids; tricarboxylic acids; alkyl carboxylic acids; and mixtures thereof.
14. The composition of claim 11 , further comprising a third solvent different from the first and second solvents, wherein the third solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of: water; alcohols; cyclic alcohols; lactones; cyclic ketones; glycols; glycerols; carboxylic acids; dicarboxylic acids; tricarboxylic acids; alkyl carboxylic acids; and mixtures thereof.
15. The composition of claim 11 , further comprising a third solvent different from the first and second solvents, wherein the third solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of: carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, alkyl carboxylic acids, acetic acid, oxalic acid, mellitic acid, formic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid; and mixtures thereof.
16. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the composition has a viscosity substantially between about 200 cps and about 5,000 cps at about 25° C.
17. A substantially transparent conductive ink composition comprising:
a plurality of metallic nanowires present in an amount of about 0.2% to about 3.0% by weight, substantially all of the metallic nanowires substantially coated only with a first polymer comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) having a first molecular weight substantially between about 5,000 to about 50,000;
a first solvent comprising cyclohexanol and present in an amount of about 2% to 98% by weight;
a second solvent different from the first solvent, the second solvent present in an amount of about 1.0% to about 28.0% by weight, the second solvent comprising at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of: alcohols; cyclic alcohols; lactones; cyclic ketones; and mixtures thereof; and
a second polymer or polymeric precursor in solution with the first and second solvents, present in an amount of about 0.5% to about 15.0% by weight, and comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) having a second molecular weight between about 500,000 to about 3,000,000;
wherein the viscosity of the composition is substantially between about 200 cps to about 5,000 cps at 25° C.
18. The composition of claim 17 , wherein the plurality of metallic nanowires have lengths between about 5 μm and about 100 μm and diameters between about 10 nm and about 200 nm, and wherein the plurality of metallic nanowires comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of: aluminum, copper, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, tin, platinum, lead, zinc, alloys thereof, and mixtures thereof.
19. The composition of claim 17 , further comprising a third solvent different from the first and second solvents, the third solvent present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5.0% by weight, the third solvent comprising at least one organic acid selected from the group consisting of: carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, alkyl carboxylic acids, acetic acid, oxalic acid, mellitic acid, formic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid; and mixtures thereof.
20. A composition for a substantially transparent conductor, the composition comprising:
a plurality of metallic nanowires, substantially all of the metallic nanowires substantially coated only with a first polymer comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone having a first molecular weight substantially between about 5,000 to about 50,000, the plurality of metallic nanowires present in an amount of about 0.2% to about 1.5% by weight;
a first solvent present in an amount of about 4.0% to about 15.0% by weight, the first solvent comprising at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of: propanols (including 1-propanol, 2-propanol (isopropanol or IPA)), 1-methoxy-2-propanol, butanols (including 1-butanol, 2-butanol (isobutanol)), pentanols (including 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol), hexanols (including 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol), octanols (including 1-octanol, 2-octanol, 3-octanol), tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), cyclopentanol, terpineol, and mixtures thereof;
a second solvent different from the first solvent, the second solvent present in an amount of about 0.10% to about 2.0% by weight and comprising at least one organic acid selected from the group consisting of: carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, alkyl carboxylic acids, acetic acid, oxalic acid, mellitic acid, formic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, and mixtures thereof;
a second polymer or polymeric precursor in solution with the first solvent, the second solvent, and cyclohexanol, the second polymer or polymeric precursor present in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5.0% by weight and comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) having a second molecular weight between about 500,000 to about 1,500,000; and
the balance comprising cyclohexanol;
wherein the viscosity of the composition is substantially between about 200 cps to about 1,000 cps at 25° C.