Surface treatment to improve resistive-switching characteristics
This disclosure provides a method of fabricating a semiconductor device layer and associated memory cell structures. By performing a surface treatment process (such as ion bombardment) of a semiconductor device layer to create defects having a deliberate depth profile, one may create multistable memory cells having more consistent electrical parameters. For example, in a resistive-switching memory cell, one may obtain a tighter distribution of set and reset voltages and lower forming voltage, leading to improved device yield and reliability. In at least one embodiment, the depth profile is selected to modulate the type of defects and their influence on electrical properties of a bombarded metal oxide layer and to enhance uniform defect distribution.
1. A method of fabricating a multistable resistive memory device, the method comprising:
providing a substrate comprising a bottom electrode;
forming a semiconductor layer over the bottom electrode;
performing a surface treatment of the semiconductor layer,
wherein the surface treatment creates defects in an upper region of the semiconductor layer allowing the semiconductor layer to switch between multiple resistive states;
forming a top electrode over the semiconductor layer with the treated surface; and
applying a forming voltage between the top electrode and the bottom electrode,
wherein the applying the forming voltage sets percolation paths within the semiconductor layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface treatment comprises implanting ions into the semiconductor layer.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein ion implantation energy used for the surface treatment is between about 0.5 keV and 55 keV.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the implanted ions comprise metal ions.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the implanted ions comprise hafnium ions.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the implanted ions comprise non-metal ions.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the implanted ions comprise oxygen ions.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a lower region of the semiconductor layer facing the bottom electrode remains substantially unaltered after performing the surface treatment.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the lower region occupies at least a half of the thickness of the semiconductor layer.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein an upper region altered by the surface treatment occupies between 25% to 60% of the thickness of the semiconductor layer.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface treatment comprises altering a lattice structure of the semiconductor layer in an upper region of the semiconductor layer.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the forming voltage comprises one or more of rapid thermal annealing, rapid thermal oxidation, or forming gas annealing.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bottom electrode comprises one of titanium nitride, copper, nickel, silicide, or polysilicon.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a current steering element.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor layer has a thickness of between 150-350 Angstroms.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor layer comprises one or more of hafnium oxide, aluminum oxide, or titanium oxide.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor layer comprises one or more dopants, the dopants comprises one or more of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, gadolinium, erbium, ytterbium, lutetium, or oxides thereof.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the surface treatment comprises introducing the one or more dopants into the semiconductor layer.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor layer comprises hafnium oxide and the defects comprise implanted oxygen ions.
20. A method of fabricating a multistable resistive memory device, the method comprising:
providing a substrate comprising a bottom electrode;
forming a semiconductor layer over the bottom electrode,
wherein the semiconductor layer comprises hafnium oxide;
performing a surface treatment of the semiconductor layer,
wherein the surface treatment creates defects in an upper region of the semiconductor layer allowing the semiconductor layer to switching between multiple resistive states,
wherein the defects comprise implanted oxygen ions; and
forming a bottom electrode over the semiconductor layer with the treated surface.