Metal passivation
A method for passivating low-alloy steel surfaces in apparatus operating in the temperature range 350 to 580° C. and exposed to a carbon monoxide containing gas mixture comprises adding a passivating compound containing at least one phosphorus (P) atom to the gas mixture. The gas mixture is preferably a reformed gas and also described is a process for producing a synthesis gas wherein, prior to cooling a reformed gas mixture to a temperature between 350 and 580° C. in apparatus having low-alloy steel surfaces downstream of one or more reforming steps, a passivating compound containing at least one phosphorus (P) atom is combined with the gas mixture.
1. A method for passivating low-alloy steel surfaces in apparatus comprising exposing said apparatus to a carbon monoxide containing reformed gas mixture at a temperature range 350 to 580° C. and adding a passivating compound containing at least one phosphorus (P) atom to said reformed gas mixture, wherein the low-alloy steel is an iron alloy comprising one or more alloy elements selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, niobium and carbon, and further wherein the sum of the weight percentages of the one or more alloy elements is ≦12% wt.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the low-alloy steel consists of iron and chromium or combinations selected from the group consisting of iron, chromium and molybdenum; iron, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium; iron, carbon and molybdenum; and iron, carbon and nickel.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein chromium is present in the range 0.1 to 10% wt, molybdenum is present in the range 0.2 to 1.4% wt, vanadium is present in the range 0.04 to 4% wt, nickel is present in the range 0.3 to 9.6% wt, carbon is present in the range 0.05 to 0.4% wt and niobium is present in the range 0.1 to 0.7% wt.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the low allow steel includes additions of at least one of aluminium and titanium in the range 0.01 to 1% wt.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the low-alloy steel is an iron alloy with ≦10% wt, total alloy element content.
6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the amount of passivating compound added is such that it provides a concentration of phosphorus in the gas mixture between 0.01 and 1000 ppm by volume.
7. A method according to claim 1 wherein the passivating compound is selected from the group consisting of elemental phosphorus, esters of phosphorus oxo-acids, pyrophosphate esters, phosphite esters, alkyl or arylphosphinic acid esters, alkyl or aryl phosphonic acid esters, phosphine, alkyl or arylphosphines, phosphine oxides, phosphorus oxides and phosphorus oxoacids, phosphorus oxosulphides, phospazines, metal phosphides, and phosphite or phosphate salts.
8. A method according to claim 1 wherein the passivating compound is a phosphate triester.
9. A method according to claim 1 wherein the passivating compound is a phosphine.
10. A process for producing a de-watered synthesis gas comprising the steps;
(i) subjecting a gaseous mixture containing at least one hydrocarbon to one or more steps of catalytic steam reforming and/or partial oxidation to provide a reformed gas mixture comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and steam at a temperature above 580° C.,
(ii) cooling said reformed gas mixture to below the dew point to condense water therefrom, and
(iii) separating said water from said reformed gas mixture to provide a de-watered synthesis gas wherein, prior to cooling said reformed gas mixture to a temperature between 580° C. and 350° C. in apparatus having low-alloy steel surfaces downstream of said one or more reforming steps, a passivating compound containing at least one phosphorus (P) atom is combined with said reformed gas mixture,
wherein the low-alloy steel is an iron alloy comprising one or more alloy elements selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, niobium and carbon, and further wherein the sum of the weight percentages of the one or more alloy elements is ≦12% wt.
11. A process according to claim 10 wherein the reforming step (i) comprises one or more stages of adiabatic steam reforming followed by a stage of autothermal reforming.
12. A process according to claim 10 wherein the reforming step (i) comprises a stage of primary steam reforming in a gas-heated reformer followed by secondary reforming in which the primary reformed gas is partially combusted with an oxygen containing gas and the resulting gas mixture brought towards equilibrium over a bed of steam reforming catalyst to produce a secondary reformed gas.
13. A process according to claim 12 wherein the gas heated reformer is heated by the secondary reformed gas.
14. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon monoxide containing reformed gas mixture is at a temperature in the range 350-510° C.
15. A method according to claim 1 wherein the apparatus is a heat exchanger.
16. A method according to claim 15 wherein the apparatus is selected from the group consisting of a gas-gas heat exchanger, a heat exchanger used to heat a liquid, a boiler for generating steam, and a heat exchanger for superheating high pressure steam.