Nonaqueous electrolyte and nonaqueous electrolyte battery
A nonaqueous electrolyte includes: a nonaqueous solvent; an electrolyte salt; a hydrocarbon compound having a nitrile group; and at least one of a heteropolyacid and a heteropolyacid compound.
1. A nonaqueous electrolyte comprising:
a nonaqueous solvent;
an electrolyte salt;
a hydrocarbon compound having a nitrile group; and
at least one of a heteropolyacid and a heteropolyacid compound.
2. The nonaqueous electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon compound having a nitrile group includes two nitrile groups.
3. The nonaqueous electrolyte of claim 2 , wherein the hydrocarbon compound having a nitrile group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, excluding the carbon atoms contained in the nitrile groups.
4. The nonaqueous electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the content of the hydrocarbon compound having a nitrile group ranges from 0.05 weight % to 5.0 weight %, inclusive.
5. The nonaqueous electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the heteropolyacid and the heteropolyacid compound are represented by any of the following formulae (I), (II), (III), and (IV),
H x A y [BD 6 O 24 ].z H 2 O (1)
wherein A represents lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), ammonium (NH 4 ), an ammonium salt, or a phosphonium salt, B represents phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), or germanium (Ge), D is one or more elements selected from titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), rhodium (Rh), cadmium (Cd), indium (In), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), and thallium (Tl), x, y, and z satisfy 0≦x≦8, 0≦y≦8, and 0≦z≦50, respectively, where at least one of x and y is not 0;
H x A y [BD 12 O 40 ].z H 2 O (II)
wherein A represents lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), ammonium (NH 4 ), an ammonium salt, or a phosphonium salt, B represents phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), or germanium (Ge), D is one or more elements selected from titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), rhodium (Rh), cadmium (Cd), indium (In), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), and thallium (Tl), x, y, and z satisfy 0≦x≦4, 0≦y≦4, and 0≦z≦50, respectively, where at least one of x and y is not 0;
H x A y [B 2 D 18 O 62 ].z H 2 O (III)
wherein A represents lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), ammonium (NH 4 ), an ammonium salt, or a phosphonium salt, B represents phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), or germanium (Ge), D is one or more elements selected from titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), rhodium (Rh), cadmium (Cd), indium (In), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), and thallium (Tl), x, y, and z satisfy 0≦x≦8, 0≦y≦8, and 0≦z≦50, respectively, where at least one of x and y is not 0;
H x A y [B 5 D 30 O 110 ].z H 2 O (IV)
wherein A represents lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), ammonium (NH 4 ), an ammonium salt, or a phosphonium salt, B represents phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), or germanium (Ge), D is one or more elements selected from titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), rhodium (Rh), cadmium (Cd), indium (In), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), and thallium (Tl), x, y, and z satisfy 0≦x≦15, 0≦y≦15, and 0≦z≦50, respectively, where at least one of x and y is not 0.
6. The nonaqueous electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the contents of the heteropolyacid and the heteropolyacid compound range from 0.01 weight % to 3.0 weight %, inclusive.
7. The nonaqueous electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte salt includes at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium perchloride (LiClO 4 ), and lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6 ).
8. A nonaqueous electrolyte battery comprising:
a positive electrode;
a negative electrode; and
a nonaqueous electrolyte,
wherein the negative electrode includes a gel coating in at least a portion on a surface of the negative electrode, the gel coating originating from at least one of a heteropolyacid and a heteropolyacid compound, and including an amorphous polyacid and/or polyacid salt compound that contain one or more polyelements, and
wherein a component that originates from a hydrocarbon compound having a nitrile group is adsorbed in at least a portion on a surface of the coating.
9. The nonaqueous electrolyte battery of claim 8 , wherein the heteropolyacid and the heteropolyacid compound are represented by any of the following formulae (I), (II), (III), and (IV),
H x A y [BD 6 O 24 ].z H 2 O (I)
wherein A represents lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), ammonium (NH 4 ), an ammonium salt, or a phosphonium salt, B represents phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), or germanium (Ge), D is one or more elements selected from titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), rhodium (Rh), cadmium (Cd), indium (In), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), and thallium (Tl), x, y, and z satisfy 0≦x≦8, 0≦y≦8, and 0≦z≦50, respectively, where at least one of x and y is not 0;
H x A y [BD 12 O 40 ].z H 2 O (II)
wherein A represents lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), ammonium (NH 4 ), an ammonium salt, or a phosphonium salt, B represents phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), or germanium (Ge), D is one or more elements selected from titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), rhodium (Rh), cadmium (Cd), indium (In), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), and thallium (Tl), x, y, and z satisfy 0≦x≦4, 0≦y≦4, and 0≦z≦50, respectively, where at least one of x and y is not 0;
H x A y [B 2 D 18 O 62 ].z H 2 O (III)
wherein A represents lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), ammonium (NH 4 ), an ammonium salt, or a phosphonium salt, B represents phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), or germanium (Ge), D is one or more elements selected from titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), rhodium (Rh), cadmium (Cd), indium (In), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), and thallium (Tl), x, y, and z satisfy 0≦x≦8, 0≦y≦8, and 0≦z≦50, respectively, where at least one of x and y is not 0;
H x A y [B 5 D 30 O 110 ].z H 2 O (IV)
wherein A represents lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), ammonium (NH 4 ), an ammonium salt, or a phosphonium salt, B represents phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), or germanium (Ge), D is one or more elements selected from titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), rhodium (Rh), cadmium (Cd), indium (In), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), and thallium (Tl), x, y, and z satisfy 0≦x≦15, 0≦y≦15, and 0≦z≦50, respectively, where at least one of x and y is not 0.