Synthetic process for preparation of high surface area electroactive compounds for battery applications
A process is disclosed for the preparation of electroactive cathode compounds useful in lithium-ion batteries, comprising exothermic mixing of low-cost precursors and calcination under appropriate conditions. The exothermic step may be a spontaneous flameless combustion reaction. The disclosed process can be used to prepare any lithium metal phosphate or lithium mixed metal phosphate as a high surface area single phase compound.
1. A process for making a lithium metal phosphate powder comprising:
a) combining at least one metal precursor, a lithium precursor, a phosphorous precursor, and a chelating carbon source in a solution to form a mixture;
b) heating the mixture such that flameless combustion occurs to form a porous powder;
c) calcining the powder to produce the lithium metal phosphate powder.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the lithium metal phosphate powder has a surface area greater than 10 m2/g.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the lithium metal phosphate powder is porous.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the at least one metal precursor comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, V, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, and Mn.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the metal precursor comprises a metal nitrate selected from the group consisting of lithium nitrate, iron (III) nitrate hydrate, manganese (II) nitrate hydrate, nickel (II) nitrate hydrate, copper (II) nitrate hydrate, cobalt (II) nitrate hydrate, and chromium (III) nitrate hydrate.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the metal precursor comprises ammonium metavanadate.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the lithium precursor comprises a nitrate or a carbonate.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the phosphorous precursor is selected from the group consisting of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid, and combinations thereof.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the chelating carbon source is selected from the group consisting of glycine, hydrazine, sucrose, carbazole, urea, malonic acid, citric acid, and combinations thereof.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the metal precursor and the chelating carbon source are combined in a ratio of from about 1:8 to about 8:1.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the metal precursor and the chelating carbon source are the same compound.
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the metal precursor and the chelating carbon source both comprise iron (II) gluconate dihydrate.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein ammonium nitrate is added to the reaction mixture in (a).
14. The process of claim 1 , further comprising doping the lithium metal phosphate by adding a doping precursor to the mixture.
15. The process of claim 14 , wherein the doping precursor is selected from the group consisting of transition metal compounds, rare-earth metal compounds, alkaline earth metal compounds, and combinations thereof.
16. The process of claim 1 , wherein the doping precursor comprises less than about 10 atomic percent of the lithium metal phosphate powder.
17. The process of claim 1 , wherein the step of calcining the powder comprises calcining at a temperature of from about 250 C to about 1000 C.
18. The process of claim 1 , wherein the step of calcining the powder comprises calcining for a period of from about 1 hour to about 12 hours.
19. The process of claim 1 , wherein the powder is calcined in the presence of a gas selected from the group consisting of hydrogen gas, air, inert gas, and combinations thereof, at a concentration in the range of about 1% to about 100%.
20. The process of claim 1 , wherein the calcined lithium metal phosphate powder comprises a carbon coating.
21. The process of claim 1 , wherein the lithium metal phosphate powder has the formula, LixMy(PO4)z, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Fe, V, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, VO, Mg, Mn, and combinations thereof, wherein x, y, and z represent the number of atoms of Li, M, and PO4 ions, respectively, and x, y, and z range from 1 to 3.
22. A process for making a phosphate composition with a surface area of at least 10 m 2 /g comprising:
a) combining at least a glycine and a nitrate to form a mixture and;
b) heating the mixture such that flameless combustion occurs to form a powder;
c) calcining the powder so as to obtain said composition.
23. The process of claim 22 , wherein the powder is porous.