Biofouling-resistant ceragenin-modified materials and structures for water treatment
This invention relates to methods for chemically grafting and attaching ceragenin molecules to polymer substrates; methods for synthesizing ceragenin-containing copolymers; methods for making ceragenin-modified water treatment membranes and spacers; and methods of treating contaminated water using ceragenin-modified treatment membranes and spacers. Ceragenins are synthetically produced antimicrobial peptide mimics that display broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. Alkene-functionalized ceragenins (e.g., acrylamide-functionalized ceragenins) can be attached to polyamide reverse osmosis membranes using amine-linking, amide-linking, UV-grafting, or silane-coating methods. In addition, silane-functionalized ceragenins can be directly attached to polymer surfaces that have free hydroxyls.
1. A biofouling-resistant material, made by performing a process of attaching alkene-functionalized ceragenins to a surface of a polymer substrate using ultraviolet light (UV), comprising, in the order listed:
a) providing a polymer substrate;
b) depositing a UV-absorbing photoinitiator on a surface of the substrate;
c) contacting the surface of the substrate with a monomer solution comprising an alkene-functionalized ceragenin monomer, a comonomer, and a solvent;
d) exposing the monomer solution contacting the surface to UV light, thereby forming radicals that initiate a polymerization reaction; and
e) forming ceragenin-containing copolymer reaction products that are chemically grafted to the surface of the polymer substrate.
2. A biofouling-resistant material, made by performing a process of attaching alkene-functionalized ceragenins to a surface of a polymer substrate using a silane-based coating and UV light, comprising, in the order listed:
a) attaching a silane-based coating to a surface of a polymer substrate, wherein the coating contains free amine groups;
b) treating the silane-based coating with a Type II compound comprising an acid halide or an anhydride with pendant alkenes;
c) contacting the Type-II treated surface with a monomer solution comprising an alkene-functionalized ceragenin monomer, a comonomer, and a solvent;
d) exposing the monomer solution contacting the surface to UV light, thereby forming radicals that initiate a polymerization reaction; and
e) forming ceragenin-containing copolymer reaction products that are chemically grafted to the surface of the polymer substrate via siloxane linkages.
3. A biofouling-resistant material, made by performing a process of attaching silane-functionalized ceragenins to a hydroxyl-functionalized surface of a polymer substrate, comprising, in the order listed:
a) providing a substrate with free hydroxyl groups on a surface of a substrate; and
b) contacting silane-functionalized ceragenins with the hydroxyl-functionalized surface; thereby attaching the silane-functionalized ceragenins to the surface via siloxane linkages.