Compositions and methods for antimicrobial metal nanoparticles
Embodiments of the invention are directed to a composition having antimicrobial activity comprising particles comprising at least one inorganic copper salt; and at least one functionalizing agent in contact with the particles, the functionalizing agent stabilizing the particle in a carrier such that an antimicrobially effective amount of ions are released into the environment of a microbe. The average size of the particles ranges from about 1000 nm to about 4 nm. Preferred copper salts include copper iodide, copper bromide and copper chloride. Preferred functionalizing agents include amino acids, thiols, hydrophilic polymers emulsions of hydrophobic polymers and surfactants.
1. A composition having antimicrobial activity comprising:
a. mixed-metal halide solid solution particles having the formula (Cu-Me)X, comprising at least one copper ion, at least one second metal Me ion other than copper ion, and a halide X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of bromide, chloride and iodide; and
b. at least one functionalizing agent in contact with said mixed-metal halide particles, said functionalizing agent stabilizing said particles in a carrier.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said carrier is a liquid.
3. The composition of claim 1 , added to an article of manufacture.
4. The composition of claim 2 wherein said functionalizing agent is insoluble in said liquid carrier but stabilizes said particles in said liquid carrier.
5. The composition of claim 1 wherein said particles are complexed by said functionalizing agent.
6. The composition of claim 2 wherein said liquid carrier is water-based.
7. The composition of claim 2 wherein said liquid carrier is oil-based.
8. The composition of claim 2 wherein said particles are suspended in said liquid carrier.
9. The composition of claim 1 wherein said carrier is a solid.
10. The composition of claim 9 wherein said solid carrier comprises a plastic.
11. The composition of claim 1 wherein said halide X is iodide.
12. The composition of claim 1 wherein said mixed-metal halide particles have an average size range of from about 1000 nm to about 4 nm.
13. The composition of claim 1 wherein said mixed-metal halide particles have a solubility of less than about 100 ppm in water at room temperature.
14. The composition of claim 1 wherein said mixed-metal halide particles have a solubility of less than about 15 ppm in water at room temperature.
15. The composition of claim 1 wherein said functionalizing agent is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, a thiol, a hydrophilic polymer, a hydrophobic polymer, an amphiphilic polymer, surfactants and a target-specific ligand.
16. The composition of claim 15 wherein said hydrophilic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethyleneglycol and copolymers and blends comprising at least one of the monomers which form the said polymer.
17. The composition of claim 15 wherein said hydrophobic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, acrylic polymers, epoxies, silicones and fluorosilicones.
18. The composition of claim 15 wherein said amphiphilic polymer is selected from the group consisting of PVP-block-polypropyleneoxide-block, polyethyleneoxide-block-polypropyleneoxide-block-polyethyleneoxide-block, and polyethyleneoxide-block-polypropylene oxide-block.
19. The composition of claim 3 wherein said article of manufacture is a coating.
20. The composition of claim 1 wherein said second metal ion comprises a silver ion.
21. The composition of claim 20 wherein said functionalized mixed-metal halide particles release copper and silver cations into the environment of a microbe.
22. The composition of claim 15 wherein said surfactants comprise anionic surfactants.
23. The composition of claim 20 wherein said mixed-meta halides are selected from the group consisting of Cu—AgI, Cu—AgBr, and Cu—AgCl.
24. The composition of claim 23 wherein the weight ratio of Cu:Ag ranges from about 10:90 to about 90:10.
25. The composition of claim 1 wherein said halide is selected from the group consisting of bromide, chloride and iodide.
26. A composition having antimicrobial activity comprising:
a. mixed-metal halide solid solution particles having the formula (Cu—Ag)X, comprising a copper ion, a silver ion, and a halide X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of bromide, chloride, iodide and mixtures thereof; and
b. at least one functionalizing agent in contact with said mixed-metal halide particle, said functionalizing agent stabilizing said particle in a carrier.
27. The composition of claim 26 wherein said mixed-metal halides are selected from the group consisting of (Cu—Ag)I, (Cu—Ag)Br, (Cu—Ag)Cl, (Cu—Ag) (I, Br), (Cu—Ag) (I, Cl) and (Cu—Ag) (Br, Cl).
28. A composition having antimicrobial activity comprising:
a. mixed-metal halide particles comprising at least one copper halide and at least a second different copper halide; and
b. at least one functionalizing agent in contact with said mixed-metal halide particles, said functionalizing agent stabilizing said particles in a carrier such that an antimicrobially effective amount of ions are released into the environment of a microbe.
29. The composition of claim 28 wherein said copper halides are selected from the group consisting of CuI, CuBr and CuCl.
30. The composition of claim 1 wherein said mixed-metal halide has the formula (Ag( 1−x )Cu x )I wherein X may be from 0.90 to 0.10.
31. The composition of claim 30 , wherein said mixed metal halide has the formula (Ag 0.25 Cu 0.75 )I.