Vanadium-free catalyst for selective catalytic reduction and process for it's preparation
Selective catalytic reduction with ammonia or a compound that decomposes to ammonia is a known method for the removal of nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas of primarily lean-burn internal combustion engines. The vanadium-containing SCR catalysts that have long been generally used for this are characterized by a good conversion profile. However, the volatility of vanadium oxide can, at higher exhaust gas temperatures, lead to the emission of toxic vanadium compounds. Zeolite-based SCR catalysts, which are used in particular in discontinuous SCR systems, constitute a very cost-intensive solution for the problem. A method is proposed by which a homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide is activated for the SCR reaction in a defined manner by the introduction of sulphur and/or transition metal. Using this method, a highly active, ageing-resistant SCR catalyst is provided, which represents a vanadium-free, cost-effective and high-performance alternative to the existing SCR catalysts and is suitable in particular for use in motor vehicles.
1. A vanadium-free catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia or a compound that decomposes to ammonia as reducing agent, comprising a catalytically active coating on an inert support,
the catalytically active coating comprises a completely or partially homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide, which contains 10 to 90 wt. % of cerium oxide based on the total weight of the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide and which is activated for the SCR reaction by the introduction of a transition metal selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and mixtures thereof, and
whereby the vanadium-free catalyst is made by the process of impregnating the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide with an amount of an aqueous solution of a compound of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, or a mixture thereof, the amount of the aqueous solution being selected such that the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide is moistened so that its pores are filled, without loss of its free-flowing properties.
2. The vanadium-free catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein
the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide is doped with 1 to 9 wt. % of a rare-earth metal oxide based on the total weight of the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide.
3. The vanadium-free catalyst according to claim 2 , wherein
the rare-earth metal oxide is an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium and mixtures thereof.
4. The vanadium-free catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein
the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide which is activated contains 2 to 20 wt. % of a transition metal selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and mixtures thereof.
5. The vanadium-free catalyst according to claim 4 , wherein
the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide which is activated additionally contains 0.1 to 10 wt. % of a transition metal selected from the group consisting of manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, iridium, platinum, gold and mixtures thereof.
6. The vanadium-free catalyst according to claim 4 , wherein
the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide which is activated contains 0.01 to 5 wt. % of sulphur.
7. The vanadium-free catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein
the support consists of ceramic or metal.
8. The vanadium-free catalyst according to claim 7 , wherein
a ceramic flow-through honeycomb monolith or a ceramic wall-flow filter substrate is used as the support.
9. The vanadium-free catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein
after hydrothermal aging, the vanadium-free catalyst exhibits nitrogen oxide conversions of about 80% in the temperature range above 300° C.
10. A vanadium-free catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia or a compound that decomposes to ammonia as a reducing agent, said vanadium-free catalyst comprises a catalytically active coating on an inert support and is hydrothermally aged and exhibits nitrogen oxide conversions of about 80% in the temperature range above 300° C.,
wherein the catalytically active coating comprises a completely or partially homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide, which contains 10 to 90 wt. % of cerium oxide based on the total weight of the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide and which is activated for the SCR reaction by the introduction of a transition metal selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and mixtures thereof;
wherein the vanadium-free catalyst is made by the process of impregnating the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide with an amount of an aqueous solution of a compound of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, or a mixture thereof, the amount of the aqueous solution being selected such that the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide is moistened so that its pores are filled, without loss of its free-flowing properties.
11. A process for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia or a compound that decomposes to ammonia as reducing agent which comprises
carrying out the reduction in the presence of the catalyst of claim 1 .
12. A process for the removal of nitrogen oxides from exhaust gases of primarily lean-burn internal combustion engines in motor vehicles which comprises
passing the exhaust gases in contact with the catalyst of claim 1 .
13. A method of improving the SCR activity of a catalyst that contains a homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide which comprises
activating the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide, which contains 10 to 90 wt. % of cerium oxide based on the total weight of the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide by impregnating the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide with an amount of aqueous solution of a compound of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or mixtures thereof, the amount of aqueous solution being selected such that the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide is moistened so that its pores are filled, without loss of its free-flowing properties,
wherein after hydrothermal aging, the catalyst exhibits nitrogen oxide conversions of about 80% in the temperature range above 300° C.
14. The method according to claim 13 , wherein
a homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide, which additionally contains 1 to 9 wt. % of a rare-earth metal oxide based on the total weight of the homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide is used.
15. The method according to claim 13 , wherein
a homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide which additionally contains sulphur is used.
16. The method according to claim 14 , wherein
a homogeneous cerium-zirconium mixed oxide which additionally contains sulphur is used.