Low-power biasing networks for superconducting integrated circuits

1. A superconducting integrated circuit, comprising:

a plurality of superconducting circuit elements, each having a variation in operating voltage over time;

a common power line; and

a plurality of bias circuits, each connected to the common power line, and to a respective superconducting circuit element, wherein each respective bias circuit is superconducting during at least one time portion of the operation of a respective superconducting circuit element, and is configured to supply the variation in operating voltage over time to the respective superconducting circuit element.

2. The superconducting integrated circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the operating voltage supplied by one of said bias circuits is sufficiently decoupled from an operating voltage supplied by another one of said bias circuits to avoid interdependent operation of the plurality of superconducting circuit elements via dynamic currents passed through the common power line.

3. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein at least two of the bias circuits are configured to supply a different average bias current to respective superconducting circuit elements.

4. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein each bias circuit n consists essentially of a superconducting inductor, having a respective inductance L n =NΦ 0 /I n , where N is greater than 1 and Φ 0 is the magnetic flux quantum, and where N is essentially the same for each respective bias circuit.

5. The circuit according to claim 4 , where each of the superconducting circuit elements has an associated design bias current I n , and an expected instantaneous deviation from the design bias current I n in any superconducting circuit element is less than about δI=Φ 0 /L n , δI=I n /N.

6. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein at least one bias circuit comprises a superconducting inductor and at least one shunted Josephson junction in series, wherein during the superconducting state of the respective bias circuit, the Josephson junction is operated below its critical current.

7. The circuit according to claim 6 , wherein the at least one Josephson junction achieves a supercritical current during the variation in operating voltage over time.

8. The circuit according to claim 6 , wherein at the least one Josephson junction does not achieve a supercritical current during the variation in operating voltage over time, after stabilization of a power supply voltage on the common power line.

9. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein an average power supply voltage on the common power line is about equal to an average operating voltage of at least one of the plurality of superconducting circuit elements.

10. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein at least one superconducting circuit element comprises a clock transmission line of a single flux quantum circuit, and the bias circuit comprises a superconducting inductor, the bias circuit providing an average bias voltage V c =Φ 0 f clk , where f clk is a controlled clock frequency.

11. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein a total power dissipation of at least one respective bias circuit and a corresponding superconducting circuit element during normal operation of the superconducting integrated circuit after initialization, is V c I n , wherein V c is an average bias voltage to the respective superconducting circuit element, and I n is a bias current supplied by the respective bias circuit.

12. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of superconducting circuit elements are rapid-single-flux-quantum logic circuits.

13. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the common power line has a voltage V c =Φ 0 f clk , where f clk is a controlled clock frequency, wherein the superconducting circuit elements are each single-flux-quantum logic circuits subject to synchronous switching, independent of data sequences.

14. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein at least one bias circuit comprises a Josephson junction having a critical current I n , added for stability during current transients of a respective superconducting circuit element, wherein the junction remains in a zero-voltage state carrying a current below the critical current I n during steady-state operation of the respective superconducting circuit element.

15. The circuit according to claim 1 , further comprising:

a second plurality of superconducting circuit elements, each having a variation in operating voltage over time;

a second common power line, having a voltage controlled independently of the common power line, wherein the second common power line voltage can be controlled to supply zero power; and

a second plurality of bias circuits, each connected to the common power line, and to a respective superconducting circuit element, wherein each respective bias circuit is superconducting during at least one time portion of the operation of a respective superconducting circuit element, and is configured to supply the variation in operating voltage over time to the respective superconducting circuit element

wherein at least on of the plurality of superconducting circuit elements produces an output signal which is received as an input signal by at least one if the second plurality of superconducting circuit elements.

16. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the common power line has an average voltage established by a periodic series of single flux quantum pulses in a set of parallel Josephson junctions coupled to the common power line.

17. A superconducting integrated circuit, comprising:

a plurality of superconducting circuit elements, each having at least two different states, which are reflected as a variation in operating voltage over time;

a common power line; and

a plurality of current bias circuits, each connected to the common power line, and to a respective superconducting circuit element, wherein the current bias circuit has superconducting resistance during at least one state of a respective superconducting circuit element, and is configured to supply a substantially constant current to the respective superconducting circuit element during the at least two different states,

wherein the constant current in one of said current bias circuits is decoupled from a constant current in another one of said current bias circuits.

18. The circuit according to claim 17 , wherein at least one bias circuit has a superconducting resistance throughout the variation in operating voltage over time of a respective superconducting circuit element.

19. The circuit according to claim 17 , wherein at least one bias circuit has non-superconducting resistance state during at least a portion of the variation in operating voltage over time of a respective superconducting circuit element.

20. The circuit according to claim 17 , wherein at least one bias circuit has non-superconducting resistance state only during a transient state of the superconducting integrated circuit.

21. A method of biasing a superconducting integrated circuit, having a common power line, a plurality of bias circuits connected to the common power line, and a plurality of superconducting circuit elements, each biased by a respective bias circuit, each having a variation in operating voltage over time, comprising:

supplying the variation in operating voltage over time to the respective superconducting circuit element with the respective bias circuit; and

operating each bias circuit in a lossless mode during at least one time portion of the operation of a respective superconducting circuit element.

22. The method according to claim 21 , further comprising sufficiently decoupling the operating voltage supplied by one of said bias circuits from an operating voltage supplied by another one of said bias circuits to avoid interdependent operation of the plurality of superconducting circuit elements via dynamic currents passed through the common power line.

23. The method according to claim 21 , further comprising supplying a different average bias current to respective different superconducting circuit elements.

24. The method according to claim 21 , wherein at least one bias circuit comprises a superconducting inductor and at least one shunted Josephson junction in series, further comprising, during the lossless mode of the respective bias circuit, operating the Josephson junction below its critical current.

25. The method according to claim 24 , further comprising, during a normal operation of a respective superconducting circuit element having variation in operating voltage over time, operating the at least one shunted Josephson junction at a supercritical current.

26. The method according to claim 24 , further comprising, during a normal logical operation of a respective superconducting circuit element having variation in operating voltage over time excluding non-logical operation-induced transient conditions, operating the at least one shunted Josephson junction below a critical current.

27. The method according to claim 21 , wherein the plurality of superconducting circuit elements are single-flux-quantum logic circuits.

28. The method according to claim 21 , further comprising establishing an average voltage in the common power line by supplying a periodic series of single flux quantum pulses in a set of parallel Josephson junctions coupled to the common power line.