Detection of tracers used in hydrocarbon wells
In an arrangement for monitoring of flow within a hydrocarbon well or reservoir by means of one or more tracers which are placed at subterranean locations such that they may be present in flow produced from the well, the analysis of the flow produced from the well is carried out using an electrochemical method, preferably voltammetry, to detect tracer chosen to undergo a detectable electrochemical reaction. The tracer may be provided as nanoparticles in the well fluid.
1. A method of monitoring flow within a hydrocarbon well or within a hydrocarbon reservoir penetrated by the well, comprising:
placing one or more tracer materials capable of undergoing a redox reaction at one or more subterranean locations from which they may potentially enter flow produced from the well,
causing or allowing release of a said tracer from one or more said locations, and monitoring flow from the well by providing electrodes connected to a source of electrical potential, bringing a sample or portion of the flow into contact with the electrodes and applying potential to the electrodes to bring about an electrochemical reaction while measuring the current flow in order to determine the presence of one or more said tracers in the flow through electrochemical redox reaction of the one or more said tracers.
2. The method according to claim 1 carried out as voltammetry in which potential applied to the electrodes is varied over a range, while measuring the current flow as potential is varied.
3. The method according to claim 2 in which the potential applied to the electrodes is varied in steps superimposed on a progressive variation over a range.
4. The method according to claim 2 in which the voltammetry is stripping voltammetry comprising a first stage of accumulation of tracer on an electrode followed by a shorter second stage in which potential applied to the electrodes is varied over a range, while measuring the current flow as potential is varied.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein at least one said tracer comprises nanoparticles containing a metal which has more than one oxidation state.
6. The method according to claim 1 wherein a plurality of electrodes are carried on a single substrate.
7. The method according to claim 1 which is a method of monitoring flow within a reservoir from at least one injection well to at least one production well, wherein at least one said tracer is mixed with fluid pumped into a reservoir via the injection well and the step of monitoring flow is applied to flow from the production well.
8. The method according to claim 1 which is a method of monitoring hydraulic fracturing, wherein at least one said tracer is mixed with fracturing fluid pumped into a well and the step of monitoring flow is applied to flow back from the well.
9. The method according to claim 1 which is a method of monitoring flow from a plurality of separate locations for entry of hydrocarbon into a well, wherein different tracers are associated with respective different entry locations.
10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the well comprises valve means for regulating flow from different entry locations.
11. The method according to claim 9 wherein the well comprises at least one lateral subdivided into separate sections, with different tracers associated with respective different sections of the lateral.
12. The method according to claim 1 wherein one or more tracer materials at one or more locations is enclosed within a medium which is degradable in contact with aqueous fluid and thereby allows release of tracer when in contact with aqueous fluid.
13. The method according to claim 1 wherein one or more tracer materials at one or more locations is enclosed within a material which allows tracer to diffuse out of the material when the material is in contact with aqueous fluid.
14. The method of claim 1 comprising accumulating tracer from the flow from the well, providing electrodes connected to a source of electrical potential, bringing accumulated tracer into contact with the electrodes and applying potential to the electrodes to bring about electrochemical reaction, while measuring the current flow.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein causing or allowing release of a said tracer from one or more said locations provides a tracer concentration below 10 parts per million in the flow from the well.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the tracer materials comprise metal ions with more than one oxidation state.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the tracer materials comprise inorganic anions capable of electrochemical oxidation or reduction.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the tracer materials comprise at least one of chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate and thiocyanate ions, xanthine, ascorbic acid and barbituric acid.
19. A method of monitoring flow within a hydrocarbon well or within a hydrocarbon reservoir penetrated by the well, comprising:
placing one or more tracer materials at one or more subterranean locations from which they may potentially enter flow produced from the well, wherein the one or more tracer materials comprise ions or compounds capable of electrochemical redox reaction;
causing or allowing release of a said tracer from one or more said locations, and
monitoring flow from the well by providing electrodes connected to a source of electrical potential, bringing a sample or portion of the flow into contact with the electrodes and applying potential to the electrodes to bring about electrochemical redox reaction of one or more said tracer materials, while measuring the current flow.
20. The method of claim 19 comprising accumulating tracer from the flow from the well, bringing accumulated tracer into contact with the electrodes and applying potential to the electrodes to bring about electrochemical reaction, while measuring the current flow.
21. The method of claim 20 comprising accumulating tracer on an electrode.
22. A method of monitoring flow within a hydrocarbon well or within a hydrocarbon reservoir penetrated by the well, comprising:
placing one or more tracer materials at one or more subterranean locations from which they may potentially enter flow produced from the well, wherein the one or more tracer materials comprise ions or compounds capable of electrochemical redox reaction;
causing or allowing release of a said tracer from one or more said locations, and
monitoring flow from the well by providing electrodes connected to a source of electrical potential, applying potential to an electrode during a first stage so as to cause accumulation of tracer on the electrode, followed by varying the potential applied to the electrodes over a range during a second stage which is shorter than the first stage to bring about electrochemical redox reaction of tracer accumulated on the electrode, while measuring the current flow as potential is varied.