Actuation of valves using electroosmotic pump

1. A method of actuating a valve, comprising:

operatively coupling the valve with an electroosmotic pump;

flowing a fluid through the electroosmotic pump; and

generating a fluidic pressure of at least 0.75 PSI to actuate the valve,

wherein the electroosmotic pump comprises one or more thin, porous, positive electroosmotic membranes and one or more thin porous, negative electroosmotic membranes; a plurality of electrodes comprising cathodes and anodes, and a power source; wherein each of the positive and negative electroosmotic membranes are disposed alternatively and wherein at least one of the cathodes is disposed on one side of one of the membranes and at least one of the anodes is disposed on other side of the membrane and wherein at least one of the cathodes or anodes is disposed between a positive and a negative electroosmotic membrane.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluidic pressure is about 0.75 to 30 PSI to actuate the valve.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluidic pressure is about 30 to 100 PSI to actuate the valve.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the application achieves an electric field greater than 100 V/m across each electroosmotic membrane within the pump.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluidic pressure is generated by operating the electroosmotic pump by applying less than 25 volts across each of the membranes.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluidic pressure is generated by using an electroosmotic pump comprising about 2 to 100 membranes.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid flows through the electroosmotic pump comprising nanoporous membranes.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid flows through the electroosmotic pump with a flow rate of about 0.1 uL/min to 10 mL/min per cm 2 of surface area across the membranes.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid flows through the membranes having a thickness of about 10 nm to 10 mm for each individual membrane component.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the membranes comprise tungsten oxide, vanadium oxide, silicon dioxide/silica, common glasses/silicates, silicon carbide, tantalum oxide, halfnium oxide, tin oxide, manganese oxide, titanium oxide, silicon nitride, chromium oxide, aluminum oxide/alumina, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, and magnesium oxide; or, polymers with grafted or coated ionizable functionalities to achieve zeta potential similar to said dielectrics, and combinations thereof.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the positive electroosmotic membranes comprise silica or silicate materials and the negative electroosmotic membranes comprise alumina materials.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the membranes comprise polymers, selected from PDMS, COC, PMMA, PC and combinations thereof.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes comprise a macroporous metal, conductive polymer, redox polymer, redox metal salt, metal oxide and combinations thereof.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid flows through the electroosmotic pump in a transverse direction.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electroosmotic pump is further operatively coupled to at least one reservoir comprising the fluid.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein a voltage or current controller controls or varies or holds the fluid flow or pressure output from the EOP.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein using the fluid flow or pressure output of the EOP statically or dynamically varies the state of the operatiely coupled valve.

18. The method of claim 16 , where the fluid flow or pressure output of the EOP is utilized to control a leak flow across the valve to less than 0.1% of the maximum (forward, open valve) flow.