True time delay phase array radar using rotary clocks and electronic delay lines

1. A phased array antenna system comprising:

a plurality of antenna elements arranged in a pattern and configured to receive radio-frequency signals;

a plurality of down-converters each connected to one of the antenna elements to receive the radio-frequency signal captured by the antenna element, each down converter operative to down-convert the received radio-frequency signal using a local oscillator signal having a selected phase;

a signal combining network configured to combine the down-converted signals generated by the down-converters to produce an output signal;

a rotary oscillator array configured to provide local oscillator signals each with a selected phase to each of the down-converters based on control information; and

a control unit configured to provide the control information to the rotary oscillator array to obtain the phase-shifted local oscillator signals,

wherein the rotary oscillator array comprises a plurality of rotary travelling wave oscillators, a rotary travelling wave oscillator comprising:

a differential transmission line in a closed loop, the differential transmission line including an odd number of one or more crossovers configured to reverse the polarity of a wave propagating through the differential transmission line; and

a plurality of regenerative devices electrically connected along a path of the differential transmission line.

2. A phased array antenna system as recited in claim 1 ,

wherein the plurality of rotary traveling wave oscillators are coupled so as to make the oscillators coherent; and wherein the rotary oscillator array further includes:

a plurality of phase shifters each providing a local oscillator signal with a selected phase to one of the down converters, each phase shifter being located proximate to one of the rotary oscillators and being connected to a plurality of phase taps of the proximate oscillator, each phase shifter receiving control information from the control unit to select one of the phase taps for output as the local oscillator signal.

3. A phased array antenna system as recited in claim 2 , wherein the oscillators are made coherent by injection locking.

4. A phased array antenna system as recited in claim 2 , wherein each phase shifter further includes a cycle counter configured to count clock cycles of the proximate oscillator;

wherein the control unit includes synchronization logic configured to initialize the cycle counters simultaneously and to provide control information configured to control the use of the cycle counters by the phase shifters; and

wherein the phase shifter selects one of the phase taps as the local oscillator signal based on the cycle counter and cycle count control information from the control unit so as to provide the local oscillator signal at the selected phase for one or more counts of the cycle counter.

5. A phased array antenna system as recited in claim 4 , wherein the synchronization logic includes:

a pipeline having a total number of stages, each stage providing a signal configured to initialize one of the counters, the total number of stages being approximately equal to the number of oscillator clocks needed to propagate a signal over the area spanned by the rotary oscillators; and

a plurality of delay circuits, each delay circuit connected between a pipeline stage and a counter and providing a delay in oscillator clocks of the initialization signal at the stage to which the delay circuit is connected, the delay being the difference between the total number of stages and the number of the delay stage at which the delay circuit is connected.

6. A phased array antenna system comprising:

a plurality of antenna elements arranged in a pattern and configured to send radio-frequency signals;

a plurality of up-converters, each connected to one of the antenna elements to send a radio-frequency signal, each up-converter operative to up-convert the an input signal to a radio-frequency signal using a local oscillator signal having a selected phase;

a signal distribution network configured to distribute the input signals to the up-converters;

a rotary oscillator array configured to provide local oscillator signals each with a selected phase to each of the up-converters based on control information; and

a control unit configured to provide control information to the rotary oscillator array to obtain the phase-shifted local oscillator signals,

wherein the rotary oscillator array comprises a plurality of rotary travelling wave oscillators, a rotary travelling wave oscillator comprising:

a differential transmission line in a closed loop, the differential transmission line including an odd number of one or more crossovers configured to reverse the polarity of a wave propagating through the differential transmission line; and

a plurality of regenerative devices electrically connected along a path of the differential transmission line.

7. A phased array antenna system as recited in claim 6 ,

wherein the plurality of rotary traveling wave oscillators are coupled so as to make the oscillators coherent; and wherein the rotary oscillator array further includes:

a plurality of phase shifters each providing a local oscillator signal with a selected phase to one of the up-converters, each phase shifter being located proximate to one of the rotary oscillators and being connected to a plurality of phase taps of the proximate oscillator, each phase shifter receiving control information from the control unit to select one of the phase taps for output as the local oscillator signal.

8. A phased array antenna system as recited in claim 7 , wherein the oscillators are made coherent by injection locking.

9. A phased array antenna system as recited in claim 7 ,

wherein each phase shifter further includes a cycle counter configured to count clock cycles of the proximate oscillator;

wherein the control unit includes synchronization logic configured to initialize the cycle counters simultaneously and to provide control information configured to control the use of the cycle counters by the phase shifters; and

wherein the phase shifter selects one of the phase taps as the local oscillator signal based on the cycle counter and cycle count control information from the control unit so as to provide the local oscillator signal at the selected phase for one or more counts of the cycle counter.

10. A phased array antenna system as recited in claim 9 , wherein the synchronization logic includes:

a pipeline having a total number of stages, each stage providing a signal configured to initialize one of the counters, the total number of stages being approximately equal to the number of oscillator clocks needed to propagate a signal over the area spanned by the rotary oscillators; and

a plurality of delay circuits, each delay circuit connected between a pipeline stage and a counter and providing a delay in oscillator clocks of the initialization signal at the stage to which the delay circuit is connected, the delay being the difference between the total number of stages and the number of the delay stage at which the delay circuit is connected.

11. A phased array antenna system comprising:

a plurality of antenna elements;

a plurality of transceiver blocks, each connected to one of the antenna elements and to an rf port, each transceiver block including a transmit path through which a signal to be transmitted travels to the connected antenna element,

the transmit path including a true time delay of the signal to be transmitted, a receive path through which a received signal travels from the connected antenna element,

the receive path including a true time delay of the signal received, a rotary traveling wave oscillator configured to generate timing signals for the transmit and receive paths, and a pair of switches configured to selectably couple either the transmit path or the receive path between the rf port and the connected antenna element,

wherein the rotary travelling wave oscillator comprises:

a differential transmission line in a closed loop, the differential transmission line including an odd number of one or more crossovers configured to reverse the polarity of a wave propagating through the differential transmission line; and

a plurality of regenerative devices electrically connected along a path of the differential transmission line;

a distribution and collection network connected to the transceiver block, wherein the distribution and collection network is configured to distribute the rf signals to be transmitted and to collect the rf signals received; and

a controller configured to provide digital control signals to the transceiver blocks.

12. The phase array antenna system of claim 11 ,

wherein the plurality of transceiver blocks are arranged in a plurality of subarrays and the plurality of subarrays are collected together to form a main array;

wherein the distribution and collection network includes, in each subarray, an H-tree that distributes and collects the rf signals; and

wherein each subarray includes an array of synchronized multiphase oscillators, the array providing timing signals for the transceiver blocks.

13. The phase array antenna system of claim 12 , wherein the array of synchronized multiphase oscillators is an array of rotary traveling wave oscillators.

14. The phase array antenna system of claim 12 , wherein the H-tree includes a plurality of transmission lines arranged in an ‘H’-like configuration and connected to each of the transceiver blocks in the subarray.

15. The phase array antenna system of claim 11 ,

wherein the plurality of transceiver blocks are arranged in a plurality of subarrays and the plurality of subarrays are collected together to form a main array;

wherein the distribution and collection network includes, in each subarray,

a frequency synthesizer configured to waveform an rf signal and a D/A converter that converts the rf signal to an analog signal to be transmitted,

an A/D converter that converts the received rf signal to a digital signal on the distribution and collection network, and

a digital summer configured to combine the received rf digital signals; and

wherein each subarray includes an array of synchronized multiphase oscillators, the array providing timing signals for the transceiver blocks.

16. The phase array antenna system of claim 15 , wherein the array of synchronized multiphase oscillators is an array of rotary traveling wave oscillators.

17. The phase array antenna system of claim 11 , wherein the transmit path includes:

an analog delay line configured to time delay an rf signal on the rf port in response to the timing signals from the rotary traveling wave oscillator,

a S/H circuit connected to the analog delay line and configured to add a fractional delay to the delayed rf signal in response to a timing signal from the rotary traveling wave oscillator, and

a power amplifier configured to boost the signal from the S/H circuit and to drive the antenna element.

18. The phase array antenna system of claim 17 , wherein the analog delay line is a CCD having control inputs connected to the timing signals from the rotary traveling wave oscillator.

19. The phase array antenna system of claim 11 , wherein the receive path includes:

a low noise amplifier configured to boost the received signal,

a S/H circuit connected to the low noise amplifier and configured to add a fractional delay to the received signal in response to a timing signal from the rotary traveling wave oscillator, and

an analog delay line configured to time delay the signal from the S/H circuit in response to the timing signals from the rotary traveling wave oscillator.

20. The phase array antenna system of claim 19 , wherein the analog delay line is a CCD having control inputs connected to the timing signals from the rotary traveling wave oscillator.