Hydroxyl radical producing plasma sterilisation apparatus
Sterilisation apparatus arranged controllably to generate and emit hydroxyl radicals. The apparatus includes an applicator which receives RF or microwave energy, gas and water mist in a hydroxyl radical generating region. The impedance at the hydroxyl radical generating region is controlled to be high to promote creation of an ionisation discharge which in turn generates hydroxyl radicals when water mist is present. The applicator may be a coaxial assembly or waveguide. A dynamic tuning mechanism e.g. integrated in the applicator may control the impedance at the hydroxyl radical generating region. The mist and/or gas and/or energy delivery means may be integrated with each other.
1. Sterilisation apparatus comprising
an applicator having a hydroxyl radical generating region and an outlet for directing generated hydroxyl radicals out of the hydroxyl radical generating region towards a region to be sterilised;
an enclosure for confining the hydroxyl radicals in the region to be sterilised;
a power generator connected to deliver microwave or RF energy into the hydroxyl radical generating region; and
a mist generator connected to deliver water mist into the hydroxyl radical generating region,
wherein the applicator comprises a coaxial assembly connected to the power generator for receiving the microwave or RF energy, the coaxial assembly having:
an outer conductor,
an inner conductor surrounded by and separated from the outer conductor, the inner conductor comprising a hollow portion having a nozzle located at the distal end of the inner conductor, and
a feed pipe connected to a water source for supplying water to the hollow portion for delivery as water mist through the nozzle to the hydroxyl radical generating region, and
wherein the inner conductor tapers at its distal end and is configured to create a high impedance at the hydroxyl radical generating region and to concentrate the received microwave or RF energy into an electric field in the hydroxyl radical generating region when water mist and the microwave or RF energy are delivered thereto thereby to create an ionisation discharge for generating hydroxyl radicals for delivery out of the applicator.
2. Sterilisation apparatus according to claim 1 including a gas feed pipe for supplying gas to the hollow portion for delivery through the nozzle into the hydroxyl radical generating region, wherein the created ionisation discharge is a plasma of the gas.
3. Sterilisation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the power generator is a microwave radiation generator and comprises a controller arranged adjustably to control the microwave energy delivered to the hydroxyl radical generating region.
4. Sterilisation apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the controller includes a modulator arranged to pulse the microwave energy whereby the ionisation discharge is created by the leading edge of each pulse.
5. Sterilisation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the mist generator includes a valve contained within the hollow portion of the inner conductor of the coaxial assembly, the valve having an outlet located to deliver mist to the nozzle at the distal end of the inner conductor.
6. Sterilisation apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the valve is a needle valve comprising a solenoid.
7. Sterilisation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the coaxial assembly includes a plurality of quarter wave transformers each having a different impedance, the plurality of quarter wave transformers being arranged to concentrate an electric field in the hydroxyl radical generating region.
8. Sterilisation apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the microwave radiation generator includes an amplifier and the controller includes a variable attenuator arranged to control a power level of a signal input to the amplifier.
9. Sterilisation apparatus according claim 8 , wherein the controller includes an amplifier signal modulator arranged to modulate an activation signal for the amplifier.
10. Sterilisation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the power generator is arranged to generate RF energy.
11. Sterilisation apparatus according to claim 1 including an impedance adjustor arranged to control the impedance at the hydroxyl radical generating region when water mist and energy are delivered thereto.
12. Sterilisation apparatus according to claim 11 , including a reflected signal detector arranged to detect energy reflected back from the hydroxyl radical generating region, wherein the reflected signal detector is connected to a controller that is arranged to operate the impedance adjustor based on information concerning detected reflected microwave energy from the reflected signal detector.
13. Plasma sterilisation apparatus according to claim 12 including a forward signal detector arranged to detect energy delivered to the hydroxyl radical generating region, wherein the forward signal detector is connected to the controller and the controller is arranged to adjustably control the energy delivered to the hydroxyl radical generating region based on information concerning detected forward and reflected microwave energy from the forward and reflected signal detectors respectively.
14. Plasma sterilisation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the enclosure seals the region to be sterilised.
15. Plasma sterilisation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the enclosure comprises a flexible tent.
16. The plasma sterilization apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the variable attenuator is a PIN diode attenuator.