Permanent magnet axial field zeeman slower

1. An atomic slower, comprising:

a bore; and

one or more tapered permanent magnets configured to produce an axial magnetic field along an axis of the bore, wherein the axial magnetic field is non-linear.

2. The slower of claim 1 , wherein a magnet of the one or more tapered permanent magnets comprises several magnets with arbitrary shape that fill a tapered volume.

3. The slower of claim 1 , further comprising a magnetic shield surrounding the one or more permanent magnets.

4. The slower of claim 3 , wherein the magnetic shield comprises a material with high magnetic permeability.

5. The slower of claim 3 , wherein the magnetic shield comprises one or more layers of one or more materials.

6. The slower of claim 3 , wherein the magnetic shield comprises a nanotechnology coating.

7. The slower of claim 3 , wherein the magnetic shield includes end-caps at ends of the bore.

8. The slower of claim 3 , wherein a magnetic shield alters a shape, a field direction, or a magnitude of the magnetic field inside the bore.

9. The slower of claim 3 , wherein the magnetic shield alters an axial position for zero-crossings of a magnetic field along the axis, or a magnitude or a shape of an associated maxima in a magnetic field amplitude.

10. The slower of claim 3 , wherein the magnetic shield improves uniformity of the axial magnetic field inside the bore.

11. The slower of claim 3 , wherein the one or more tapered permanent magnets are configured to make a magnetic field magnitude change faster than inverse distance squared outside the slower.

12. The slower of claim 3 , wherein the magnetic shield comprises one or more separable pieces.

13. The slower of claim 3 wherein the bore is configured to provide one or more reference features or one or more mounting surfaces for the magnetic shield or is used by a secondary device to mount or position the magnetic shield.

14. The slower of claim 1 , further comprising a single or multi-layer thermal or radiative shield that thermally isolates the slower.

15. The slower of claim 1 , further comprising a transverse cooler.

16. The slower of claim 15 , wherein the transverse cooler is tilted in angle relative to the axis.

17. The slower of claim 15 , wherein the transverse cooler comprises one or several magneto-optical traps that transversely compress, cool, or deflect an atomic beam along one or several axes.

18. The slower of claim 15 wherein the transverse cooler comprises one or more segmented sections each of whose central axis is oriented relative to the axis of the bore in one of the following ways: collinear, tilted, offset, or a combination of tilted and offset.

19. The slower of claim 15 , wherein the transverse cooler is placed at a point of exit of the atomic slower or a point where a deceleration induced by the atomic slower drops to a fraction of a maximum value.

20. The slower of claim 15 , wherein optics for the transverse cooler are housed inside a magnetic shield.

21. The slower of claim 15 , wherein the transverse cooler includes optics in a racetrack geometry.

22. The slower of claim 15 , wherein the transverse cooling includes routing light around the one or more tapered permanent magnets.

23. The slower of claim 1 , wherein the bore is configured to provide one or more reference features or one or more mounting surfaces for optics used for a transverse cooler.

24. The slower of claim 1 , wherein the axial magnetic field generated by the one or more tapered permanent magnets modifies a resonant frequency of an atomic beam to slow down atoms of the atomic beam traveling along the bore.

25. The slower of claim 1 , wherein the bore is configured to provide one or more reference features or one or more mounting surfaces for the one or more tapered permanent magnets.

26. The slower of claim 1 , wherein the bore is configured to allow a laser beam to enter.

27. The slower of claim 26 , wherein the laser beam is polarized.

28. The slower of claim 26 , wherein the axial magnetic field is configured such that the laser beam is sigma minus polarized.

29. The slower of claim 26 , wherein the axial magnetic field is configured such that the laser beam is sigma plus polarized.

30. The slower of claim 1 , wherein one of the one or more tapered permanent magnets are held at an angle with respect to the axis of the bore.

31. The slower of claim 1 , wherein each of the one or more tapered permanent magnets comprise a magnet with multiple tapers.

32. The slower of claim 1 , wherein each of the one or more tapered permanent magnets is segmented.

33. The slower of claim 1 , wherein the pole faces for the one or more tapered permanent magnets are external to the bore.

34. The slower of claim 1 , wherein the one or more tapered permanent magnets comprise four permanent magnets.

35. The slower of claim 1 , wherein the one or more tapered permanent magnets are placed at angular orientations of 360°/n around the bore, where n is the number of permanent magnets.

36. The slower of claim 1 , wherein the one or more tapered permanent magnets are made from Alnico, Samarium Cobalt, Ferrite ceramics, Neodymium, or flexible sheets or strips.

37. The slower of claim 1 , wherein one or more tapered permanent magnets are ground or otherwise formed to shape before or after the magnetization is oriented.