Soft decoding of data in a coherent optical receiver
In a coherent optical receiver receiving a polarization multiplexed optical signal through an optical communications network, a method of compensating noise due to polarization dependent loss (PDL). A Least Mean Squares (LMS) compensation block processes sample streams of the received optical signal to generate symbol estimates of symbols modulated onto each transmitted polarization of the optical signal. A decorrelation block de-correlates noise in the respective symbol estimates of each transmitted polarization and generating a set of decorrelated coordinate signals. A maximum likelihood estimator soft decodes the de-correlated coordinate signals generated by the decorrelation block.
1. In a coherent optical receiver receiving a polarization multiplexed optical signal through an optical communications network, a method of compensating noise due to polarization dependent loss (PDL), the method comprising, in the receiver:
a Least Mean Squares (LMS) compensation block processing sample streams of the received optical signal to generate symbol estimates of symbols modulated onto each transmitted polarization of the optical signal;
a decorrelation block minimizing a noise correlation between the respective symbol estimates of each transmitted polarization and generating a set of decorrelated coordinate signals, wherein the noise correlation is a correlation between noise in the symbol estimates of symbols modulated onto a first transmitted polarization and noise in the symbol estimates of symbols modulated onto a second transmitted polarization; and
a maximum likelihood estimator soft decoding the de-correlated coordinate signals generated by the decorrelation block.
2. A coherent optical receiver for receiving an optical signal through an optical communications network, the receiver comprising:
a polarization compensation block for processing sample streams of the received optical signal to generate symbol estimates of symbols modulated onto the optical signal;
a decorrelation block for minimizing a noise correlation between the respective symbol estimates of each transmitted polarization and for generating a set of decorrelated coordinate signals, wherein the noise correlation is a correlation between noise in the symbol estimates of symbols modulated onto a first transmitted polarization and noise in the symbol estimates of symbols modulated onto a second transmitted polarization; and
an estimator for decoding de-correlated coordinate signals generated by the decorrelation block.
3. The coherent optical receiver of claim 2 , wherein the optical signal contains information on more than one polarization.
4. The coherent optical receiver of claim 3 , wherein the optical signal comprises a polarization multiplexed optical signal .
5. The coherent optical receiver of claim 2 , wherein the polarization compensation block implements any one of:
a Recursive Least Squares (RLS) operation;
a Constant Modulus (CM) operation;
a Least Mean Squares (LMS) operation; and
a Jones matrix operation.
6. The coherent optical receiver of claim 2 , wherein the estimator comprises a Maximum Likelihood estimator or an approximation thereof.
7. The coherent optical receiver of claim 2 , wherein the estimator further computes a soft metric.
8. The coherent optical receiver of claim 7 , wherein a respective soft metric is computed for each transmitted symbol.
9. The coherent optical receiver of claim 7 , wherein a respective soft metric is computed for each transmitted bit.
10. The coherent optical receiver of claim 9 , wherein the soft metric is an approximation to the log of a likelihood ratio.
11. The coherent optical receiver as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the symbols modulated onto each transmitted polarization of the optical signal are QPSK symbols, and wherein the decorrelation block comprises a pair of parallel 2-dimensional decorrelators, each 2-dimensional decorrellator applying a real-valued decorrelation matrix to a respective pair of coordinate signals derived from the symbol estimates to generate a corresponding pair of decorrelated coordinate signals.
12. The coherent optical receiver as claimed in claim 11 , wherein a first one of the decorrellators applies the real-valued decorrelation matrix to respective In-Phase coordinate signals of each symbol estimate, and wherein a second one of the decorrellators applies the real-valued decorrelation matrix to respective Quadrature coordinate signals of each symbol estimate.
13. The coherent optical receiver as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the symbols modulated onto each transmitted polarization of the optical signal are QPSK symbols, and wherein the estimator comprises a 4-dimensional maximum likelihood estimator for identifying one of a set of predetermined constellations that most closely matches the decorrelated coordinate signals generated by the pair of parallel 2-dimensional decorrelators.
14. The coherent optical receiver as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the 4-dimensional maximum likelihood estimator comprises:
a distance calculation block for computing a respective Euclidean distance between the decorrelated coordinate signals and each one of the predetermined constellations; and
a selector for selecting the constellation for which the respective Euclidean distance is a minimum, and for outputting each term of the selected constellation as a respective soft-decoded coordinate signal.
15. The coherent optical receiver as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the symbols modulated onto each transmitted polarization of the optical signal are 16-QAM symbols, and wherein the maximum likelihood estimator comprises a respective 2-dimensional maximum likelihood estimator associated with each 2-dimensional decorrelator, each 2-dimensional maximum likelihood estimator identifying one of a set of predetermined constellations that most closely matches the respective decorrelated coordinate signals generated by its associated 2-dimensional decorrelator.
16. The coherent optical receiver as claimed in claim 15 , wherein each 2-dimensional maximum likelihood estimator comprises:
a distance calculation block for computing a respective Euclidean distance between the respective decorrelated coordinate signals and each one of the predetermined constellations; and
a selector for selecting the constellation for which the respective Euclidean distance is a minimum, and for outputting each term of the selected constellation as a respective soft-decoded coordinate signal.