Diffusion-limited adaptive battery charging

1. A method for adaptively charging a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery which includes a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion, an electrolyte separator and a non-transport-limiting electrode, comprising while the battery is charging:

charging the battery with a fixed current for a fixed time period;

entering a zero current state in which the charging current is set to zero;

during the zero current state, measuring an open circuit voltage for the battery at two times while the open circuit voltage relaxes toward a steady state; and

calculating the diffusion time τ based on the measured open circuit voltages;

calculating a lithium surface concentration based on the diffusion time τ, a state of charge of the battery q and a temperature of the battery T;

calculating a charging current or a charging voltage for the battery based on the calculated lithium surface concentration; and

applying the charging current or the charging voltage to the battery.

2. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein the transport-limiting electrode is a negative electrode; and

wherein the non-transport-limiting electrode is a positive electrode.

3. The method of claim 2 ,

wherein the negative electrode is comprised of graphite and/or TiS 2 ;

wherein the electrolyte separator is a liquid electrolyte comprised of LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 and/or LiClO 4 and an organic solvent; and

wherein the positive electrode is comprised of LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiFePO 4 and/or Li 2 FePO 4 F.

4. An adaptive charging mechanism for a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery which includes a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion, an electrolyte separator and a non-transport-limiting electrode, comprising:

a current sensor configured to measure a charging current for the battery;

a voltage sensor configured to measure a voltage across terminals of the battery;

a charging source configured to apply a charging current or a charging voltage to the battery;

a controller configured to receive inputs from the current sensor and the voltage sensor and configured to send a control signal to the charging source;

wherein, while the battery is charging, the controller is configured to:

charge the battery with a fixed current for a fixed time period,

enter a zero current state in which the charging current is set to zero,

during the zero current state, measure an open circuit voltage for the battery at two times while the open circuit voltage relaxes toward a steady state, and

calculate the diffusion time τ based on the measured open circuit voltages,

calculate a lithium surface concentration based on the diffusion time τ, a state of charge of the battery q and a temperature of the battery T,

calculate a charging current or a charging voltage for the battery based on the calculated lithium surface concentration, and

apply the charging current or the charging voltage to the battery.

5. A lithium-ion battery with an adaptive charging mechanism, comprising:

a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion;

an electrolyte separator;

a non-transport-limiting electrode;

a current sensor configured to measure a charging current for the battery;

a voltage sensor configured to measure a voltage across terminals of the battery;

a charging source configured to apply a charging current or a charging voltage to the battery;

a controller configured to receive inputs from the current sensor and the voltage sensor, and configured to send a control signal to the charging source;

wherein, while the battery is charging, the controller is configured to:

charge the battery with a fixed current for a fixed time period,

enter a zero current state in which the charging current is set to zero,

during the zero current state, measure an open circuit voltage for the battery at two times while the open circuit voltage relaxes toward a steady state, and

calculate the diffusion time τ based on the measured open circuit voltages,

calculate a lithium surface concentration based on the diffusion time τ, a state of charge of the battery q and a temperature of the battery T,

calculate a charging current or a charging voltage for the battery based on the calculated lithium surface concentration, and

apply the charging current or the charging voltage to the battery.

6. The battery of claim 5 ,

wherein the transport-limiting electrode is a negative electrode; and

wherein the non-transport-limiting electrode is a positive electrode.

7. The battery of claim 6 ,

wherein the negative is comprised of graphite and/or TiS 2 ;

wherein the electrolyte separator is a liquid electrolyte comprised of LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 and/or LiClO 4 and an organic solvent; and

wherein the positive electrode is comprised of LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiFePO 4 and/or Li 2 FePO 4 F.

8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed by a controller for a battery cause the controller to perform a method for adaptively charging a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery which includes a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion, an electrolyte separator and a non-transport-limiting electrode, the method comprising while the battery is charging:

charging the battery with a fixed current for a fixed time period;

entering a zero current state in which the charging current is set to zero;

during the zero current state, measuring an open circuit voltage for the battery at two times while the open circuit voltage relaxes toward a steady state; and

calculating the diffusion time τ based on the measured open circuit voltages;

calculating a lithium surface concentration based on the diffusion time τ, a state of charge of the battery q and a temperature of the battery T;

calculating a charging current or a charging voltage for the battery based on the calculated lithium surface concentration; and

applying the charging current or the charging voltage to the battery.