Electronic control of fluidic species
Various aspects of the present invention relates to the control and manipulation of fluidic species, for example, in microfluidic systems. In one aspect, the invention relates to systems and methods for making droplets of fluid surrounded by a liquid, using, for example, electric fields, mechanical alterations, the addition of an intervening fluid, etc. The invention also relates to systems and methods for fusing droplets according to another aspect of the invention, for example, through charge and/or dipole interactions. In some cases, the fusion of the droplets may initiate or determine a reaction. In still another aspect, the invention relates to systems and methods for sorting droplets, e.g., by causing droplets to move to certain regions within a fluidic system. Examples include using electrical interactions (e.g., charges, dipoles, etc.) or mechanical systems (e.g., fluid displacement) to sort the droplets.
1. A method of coalescing droplets in a controlled manner in a microfluidic device, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a microfluidic device having at least one microchannel comprising a first region and a coalescence region, the coalescence region comprising an electric field;
providing a first droplet and a second droplet to the microchannel, wherein the first and second droplets comprise a surfactant that stabilizes the droplets and inhibits coalescence between the first and second droplets outside of the coalescence region; and
flowing the first and second droplets into the coalescence region, wherein the electric field is adapted to coalesce the first and second droplets into one combined droplet.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first or second droplet, prior to flowing through the electric field, has a neutral charge.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electric field induces a dipole moment in the first or second droplet.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second droplets each comprise a chemical, biological or biochemical entity in addition to the surfactant.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first and second droplets comprise the same chemical, biological or biochemical entity in addition to the surfactant.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first and second droplets comprise a different chemical biological or biochemical entity in addition to the surfactant.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first or second droplet comprises a cell.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first or second droplet comprises a first fluid completely surrounded by a second fluid.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the second fluid is a liquid and the first fluid and second fluid are immiscible.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electric field is an alternating current field, a direct current field or a pulsed field.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electric field is produced by a voltage applied across a pair of electrodes positioned on or embedded within the microchannel, and the coalescence region comprises a portion of the microchannel between the electrodes.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electric field has an intensity of a least 0.01 V/micrometer.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising initiating a reaction in the combined droplet between a species of the first droplet and a species of the second droplet.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising flowing the first and second droplets through the first region of the microchannel, that does not have an electric field, before flowing the first and second droplets through the coalescence region.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first and second droplets are in contact with each other while flowing through the first region of the microchannel that does not have an electric field.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second droplets do not coalesce while flowing through the portions of the microchannel that donot include the coalescence region.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first or second droplet has a diameter of less than about 500 micrometers.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the first or second droplet has a diameter of less than about 100 μm.
19. The method of claim 8 , wherein the second fluid insulates the first fluid from the electric field.