Detecting analytes
Provided is a method for processing a sample, which method comprises: a) contacting a binding phase, which binding phase is capable of binding an analyte, with the sample in the presence of a medium; b) applying across the medium a first alternating field composed of a plurality of pulses and having a first frequency, a first pulse duration and a first pulse rise time; c) optionally applying across the medium a second alternating field; and d) thereby influencing the sample and/or the binding phase in the medium.
1. A method for processing a sample, which method comprises:
a) contacting a binding phase, which binding phase is capable of binding an analyte, with the sample in the presence of a medium;
b) applying across the medium a first alternating field composed of a plurality of pulses and having a first frequency, a first pulse duration and a first pulse rise time;
c) applying across the medium a second alternating field wherein the second alternating field is composed of a plurality of pulses and has a second frequency, a second pulse duration and a second pulse rise time; and
d) thereby influencing the sample and/or the binding phase in the medium, wherein the method further comprises setting the pulse rise time, the frequency, and the pulse duration of the alternating fields for optimal acceleration and speed of movement of the analyte through the medium, to promote binding of the analyte to the binding phase,
and wherein the first alternating field and the second alternating field have a different frequency, pulse duration and/or pulse rise time.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein influencing the sample comprises moving the analyte through the medium towards the binding phase.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the first alternating field is capable of moving the analyte though the medium towards the binding phase.
4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and/or second alternating field has a frequency of 0.1 to 10 10 Hz, preferably 30 to 10 9 Hz.
5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and/or second alternating field has a field strength of 10 kV/m to 100 MV/m.
6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the second alternating field is capable of promoting binding of the analyte to the binding phase.
7. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and/or the second alternating field has a pulse duration of 10 −2 s to 10 −8 s.
8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and/or the second alternating field has a pulse rise time of 10 −8 s to 10 −10 s.
9. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and/or second alternating field has a frequency of 10 2 to 10 9 Hz.
10. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and/or second alternating field has a voltage of 1 mV to 10V, preferably 10 mV to 5 V.
11. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the first alternating field and second alternating field have waveforms independently selected from sinusoidal, square, sawtooth and triangular.
12. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and second alternating fields are applied simultaneously or sequentially.
13. A method according to claim 1 , which further comprises one or more steps of applying further alternating fields.
14. A method according to claim 13 , wherein each further alternating field has a frequency that is unique to that of all other alternating fields.
15. A method according to claim 13 , wherein each further alternating field is composed of a plurality of pulses.
16. A method according to claim 15 , wherein each further alternating field has a combination of frequency, pulse duration and pulse rise time that is unique in relation to that combination for all other alternating fields.
17. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the method is an assay method for detecting the presence or absence of the analyte in the sample, purifying the analyte in the sample, isolating the analyte in the sample or sorting the analyte in the sample.
18. A method according to claim 17 , wherein the method is for detecting the presence of the analyte in the sample, wherein the method comprises quantifying the analyte.
19. A method according to claim 1 , which further comprises a lysis step comprising subjecting the sample to conditions to lyse the sample.
20. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the analyte comprises one or more compounds selected from a cell, a protein, a polypeptide, a peptide, a peptide fragment, an amino acid or a nucleic acid, such as DNA or RNA.
21. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the binding phase comprises a capture probe, which capture probe is capable of reacting with the analyte to capture the analyte on the binding phase.
22. A method according to claim 21 , wherein the position and/or orientation of capture probe is influenced to promote binding of the analyte to the capture probe.
23. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the binding phase comprises a plurality of electrodes.