Method and apparatus for a porous electrospray emitter
An ionic liquid ion source can include a microfabricated body including a base and a tip. The body can be formed of a porous material compatible with at least one of an ionic liquid or room-temperature molten salt. The body can have a pore size gradient that decreases from the base of the body to the tip of the body, such that the at least one of an ionic liquid or room-temperature molten salt is capable of being transported through capillarity from the base to the tip.
1. A method of forming one or more emitter bodies made of porous ceramic xerogel comprising:
preparing a gel solution comprising a solvent, an acidic aluminum salt, a polymer, and a proton scavenger;
providing a mold for one or more emitter bodies, each emitter body of the one or more emitter bodies comprising a base and a tip;
pouring the gel solution into the mold;
drying the gel solution in the mold to form the one or more emitter bodies made from the porous ceramic xerogel.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
mixing aluminum chloride hexahydrate, polyethylene oxide, water, ethanol, and propylene oxide to form the gel solution.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
mixing 1 part by mass of polyethylene oxide, 50 parts by mass water, 54.4 parts by mass ethanol, 54.4 parts by mass propylene oxide, and 54 parts by mass of aluminum chloride hexahydrate to form the gel solution.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
forming the mold from one or more of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polymers, fluoropolymers, paraffin wax, silica, glass, aluminum, and stainless steel.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous ceramic xerogel is alumina xerorgel.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous ceramic xerogel comprises pores approximately 3-5 μm in diameter.
7. A method of forming one or more emitter bodies made from porous ceramic material comprising:
preparing a slurry of at least silica, water, and a ceramic component;
providing a mold for one or more emitter bodies, each emitter body of the one or more emitter bodies comprising a base and a tip;
pouring the slurry into the mold;
freezing the slurry in the mold to form a frozen slurry;
freeze drying the frozen slurry to form the one or more emitter bodies made from the porous ceramic material.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
low-temperature sintering the one or more emitter bodies.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the ceramic component comprises alumina.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein the slurry further comprises one or more of ethanol, isopropanol, and glycerol.
11. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
forming the mold from one or more of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polymers, fluoropolymers, paraffin wax, silica, glass, aluminum, and stainless steel.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the porous ceramic material comprises pores approximately 3-50 μm in diameter.
13. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
freezing the slurry in the mold to form the frozen slurry by applying a temperature gradient to the slurry such that the temperature increases from an emitter tip portion of the mold to an emitter base portion of the mold.
14. A method of forming one or more emitter bodies made from porous ceramic material comprising:
preparing a gel solution comprising a solvent, an acidic aluminum salt, a polymer, and a proton scavenger;
drying the solution in the mold to form a porous ceramic xerogel;
grinding the porous ceramic xerogel to form ground porous ceramic xerogel;
preparing a slurry of at least silica, water, and the ground porous ceramic xerogel;
providing a mold for one or more emitter bodies, each emitter body of the one or more emitter bodies comprising a base and a tip;
pouring the slurry into the mold;
freezing the slurry in the mold to form a frozen slurry;
freeze drying the frozen slurry to form the one or more emitter bodies made from the porous ceramic material.
15. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
low-temperature sintering the one or more emitter bodies.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the slurry further comprises one or more of ethanol, isopropanol, and glycerol.
17. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
forming the mold from one or more of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polymers, fluoropolymers, paraffin wax, silica, glass, aluminum, and stainless steel.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the porous ceramic material comprises pores approximately 3-50 μm in diameter.
19. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
grinding the porous ceramic xerogel into particles less than approximately 3-50 μm in diameter to form ground porous ceramic xerogel.
20. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
freezing the slurry in the mold to form the frozen slurry by applying a temperature gradient to the slurry such that the temperature increases from an emitter tip portion of the mold to an emitter base portion of the mold.