Solid forms for tissue repair

1. A scaffold for repair of cartilage or an osteochondral defect, said scaffold comprising coral having at least a first portion of an exposed surface, which first portion is raised with respect to at least a second portion of said exposed surface in said coral, wherein said at least a first portion of said coral is proximal to a hollow or hollows along a longitudinal axis of said first portion and wherein said at least a second portion abuts said hollow or hollows and wherein said first portion comprises at least a region, which specifically positions and confines said coral within a site of cartilage repair.

2. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein said coral comprises a polymer coating.

3. The scaffold of claim 2 , wherein said polymer coating is permeable.

4. The scaffold of claim 2 , wherein said polymer coating is discontinuous and optionally in the form of aggregates or particles.

5. The scaffold of claim 2 , wherein said polymer comprises a natural polymer comprising collagen, elastin, silk, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and any combinations thereof.

6. The scaffold of claim 5 , wherein said collagen or hyaluronic acid is cross-linked.

7. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein said scaffold comprises a cytokine, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), a chelator, a cell population, a therapeutic compound, or an antibiotic, or any combination thereof.

8. The scaffold of claim 7 , wherein said coral is seeded with a cell population and wherein said cell population comprises mesenchymal stem cells or osteoblasts or chondrocytes or other cells involved in cartilage repair or a combination thereof.

9. The scaffold of claim 7 , wherein said therapeutic compound comprises an anti-inflammatory compound, an anti-infective compound, a growth factor, a pro-angiogenic factors or a combination thereof.

10. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the scaffold comprises a shape comprising a cone, a tack, a screw, a cylinder, a rectangular bar, a plate, a disc, a pyramid, a granule, a ball or a cube.

11. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of said scaffold penetrates through a bone, resulting in said portion inserting within a bone marrow proximal to a site of cartilage or osteochondral repair.

12. A method of inducing or enhancing cartilage repair, said method comprising implanting in a subject, a scaffold of claim 1 within a site of cartilage repair in said subject, wherein a region of said scaffold penetrates through a bone, resulting in said region inserting within a bone marrow, proximal to said site of cartilage repair in said subject.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein said subject is afflicted with a cartilage defect or disorder wherein said cartilage defect or disorder comprises a full or partial thickness articular cartilage defect, osteoarthritis, osteochondritis, avascular necrosis, a joint defect or a defect resulting from trauma, sports, diseases or repetitive stress.

14. A method of treating an osteochondral defect in a subject, said method comprising implanting in a subject, a scaffold of claim 1 within a site of osteochondral defect in said subject, wherein a region of said scaffold penetrates through a bone, resulting in said region inserting within a bone marrow, proximal to said site of osteochondral defect in said subject.

15. A scaffold for tissue repair, said scaffold comprising a polymer form enveloping coral particles, wherein said scaffold is rigid and has at least a first portion of an exposed surface, which first portion is raised with respect to at least a second portion of said exposed surface in said coral, wherein said at least a first portion of said coral is proximal to a hollow or hollows along a longitudinal axis of said first portion and wherein said at least a second portion abuts said hollow or hollows and wherein said first portion comprises at least a region, which specifically positions and confines said coral within a site of cartilage repair.

16. The scaffold of claim 15 , wherein said polymer comprises a natural polymer comprising collagen, elastin, silk, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and any combinations thereof.

17. The scaffold of claim 15 , wherein said polymer form is flexible.

18. The scaffold of claim 15 , wherein said polymer enhances cartilage or bone formation or repair.

19. The scaffold of claim 15 , wherein said coral particles are micronized to 1-10 μm or 5-20 μm or 10-50 μm in size.

20. The scaffold of claim 15 , wherein said polymer is permeable.

21. The scaffold of claim 15 , wherein said scaffold comprises an anti-inflammatory compound, an anti-infective compound, a growth factor, a pro-angiogenic factor or a combination thereof.

22. The scaffold of claim 15 , comprising a pasting agent.

23. The scaffold of claim 22 , wherein said pasting agent comprises a native or cross linked hyaluronan (HA), collagen or fibrinogen.

24. The scaffold of claim 15 , wherein said scaffold comprises a cytokine, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), a chelator, a cell population, a therapeutic compound, or an antibiotic, or any combination thereof.

25. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein said scaffold lacks a polymer coating.

26. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the hollow or hollows increase the exposed surface area of the scaffold.