Sorbents for the oxidation and removal of mercury
A promoted activated carbon sorbent is described that is highly effective for the removal of mercury from flue gas streams. The sorbent comprises a new modified carbon form containing reactive forms of halogen and halides. Optional components may be added to increase reactivity and mercury capacity. These may be added directly with the sorbent, or to the flue gas to enhance sorbent performance and/or mercury capture. Mercury removal efficiencies obtained exceed conventional methods. The sorbent can be regenerated and reused. Sorbent treatment and preparation methods are also described. New methods for in-flight preparation, introduction, and control of the active sorbent into the mercury contaminated gas stream are described.
1. A method for separating mercury in a gas stream comprising:
contacting carbon including at least some graphene and a promoter selected from the group consisting of an elemental halogen, a group V halide, a group VI halide, a hydrohalide, and combinations thereof, to form a promoted sorbent particulate;
modifying at least some edge structures of at least some of the graphene of the carbon for forming carbocations for the promoted sorbent for accepting at least some electrons from mercury atoms of the mercury; and
contacting the mercury-containing gas stream and the promoted sorbent particulate for forming a stabilized mercury-sorbent particulate from the gas stream.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter is an elemental halogen or a hydrohalide, or a combination.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the elemental halogen is bromine, or wherein the hydrohalide is hydrogen bromide, or both.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter is a group V halide or a group VI halide.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the promoter is PBr 3 or SCl 2 .
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising contacting the promoted sorbent particulate, the mercury-containing gas stream, or both, with an alkaline material.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter is in gaseous form.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter is in an organic solvent.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the organic solvent is a hydrocarbon, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, or supercritical carbon dioxide.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mercury-containing gas stream is a product of coal or petroleum combustion.
11. A method for separating mercury in a gas stream comprising:
contacting carbon including at least some graphene and a promoter including at least one of bromine, bromine compounds, and combinations thereof to form a promoted sorbent particulate;
modifying at least some edge structures of the graphene for forming carbocations for accepting some electrons from mercury atoms of the mercury; and
contacting the mercury-containing gas stream and the a promoted sorbent particulate for forming a stabilized mercury-sorbent particulate from the gas stream.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the promoter is an elemental halogen or a hydrohalide, or a combination.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the elemental halogen is bromine, or wherein the hydrohalide is hydrogen bromide, or both.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the promoter is a group V halide or a group VI halide.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the promoter is PBr 3 or SBr 2 .
16. The method of claim 11 further comprising contacting the promoted sorbent particulate, the mercury-containing gas stream, or both, with an alkaline material.
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the promoter is in gaseous form.
18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the promoter is in an organic solvent.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the organic solvent is a hydrocarbon, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, or supercritical carbon dioxide.
20. The method of claim 11 , wherein the mercury-containing gas stream is a product of coal or petroleum combustion.