Liquid crystal device

1. A liquid crystal device comprising an active matrix substrate and a counter-substrate having facing homeotropic alignment surfaces, between which is disposed a layer of nematic liquid crystal material, and carrying a pixel electrode arrangement and a counter-electrode arrangement, respectively, defining a plurality of pixel regions, each of at least some of which has a pixel electrode and a counter-electrode, arranged to apply a first electric field for controlling a liquid crystal director out-of-plane tilt angle, and a further electrode electrically insulated from the pixel and counter-electrodes and arranged to cooperate with at least one thereof to apply a second electric field for controlling the director in-plane azimuth angle;

wherein the first electric field is substantially uniform within the area of the pixel electrode and oriented perpendicular to the substrate surfaces, and

the second electric field in at least one state preserves the uniformity and direction of the first electric field, and in at least one other state disrupts the first electric field creating non-uniformities with some component parallel to the substrate surface, thereby controlling the director in-plane azimuth angle.

2. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which the liquid crystal material is of negative dielectric anisotropy.

3. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which the first field substantially determines the on-axis electro-optic effect of the liquid crystal material of each of the at least some regions.

4. A device as claimed in claim 3 , in which the on-axis electro-optic effect is substantially independent of the second field.

5. A device as claimed in claim 4 , in which the second field substantially determines the angular variation of the electro-optic effect.

6. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which the first field is substantially perpendicular to the alignment surfaces.

7. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which the second field is substantially parallel to the alignment surfaces.

8. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which the layer is arranged to provide a retardation of half a wavelength for visible light at a finite value of the first field.

9. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which the further electrodes are disposed in a first layer separated from a second layer containing the pixel electrodes or the counter electrodes by a continuous electrically insulating third layer.

10. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which the pixel electrode of each of the at least some pixel regions is divided into first and second halves separated by a gap.

11. A device as claimed in claim 10 , in which each of the at least some regions is arranged to operate in a two domain vertically aligned nematic mode for a second value of the second field,

each further electrode of the at least some regions comprises a plurality of parallel finger portions, and

each further electrode is disposed on the active-matrix substrate and has a portion which covers the gap.

12. A device as claimed in claim 11 , in which each of the halves is divided into inner and outer portions.

13. A device as claimed in claim 11 , in which the fingers of each further electrode extend substantially perpendicularly to the portion thereof.

14. A device as claimed in claim 10 , in which each of the at least some pixel regions is arranged to have a multidomain liquid crystal structure in at least one operative state, and

the at least some pixel regions are arranged as third and fourth interlaced sets with the first electrode halves of the third set being arranged to receive a first bias voltage having a first polarity with respect to the second electrode halves of the third set and with the first electrode halves of the fourth set being arranged to receive a second bias voltage having a second polarity opposite the first polarity with respect to the second electrode halves of the fourth set.

15. A device as claimed in claim 14 , in which the third and fourth sets are sufficiently large for the interlacing to be visible to a human viewer of the device.

16. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which each of the at least some pixel regions is arranged to have a multidomain liquid crystal structure in at least one operative state.

17. A device as claimed in claim 16 , in which the multidomain structure at least covers the pixel electrode.

18. A device as claimed in claim 16 , in which the active matrix substrate and the counter-substrate are disposed between first and second linear polarisers whose transmission axes are perpendicular to each other, and

the transmission axes of the first and second polarisers are oriented substantially parallel or perpendicular to the finger portions.

19. A device as claimed claim 1 , in which each of the at least some regions is arranged to have a continuous pinwheel alignment for a first value of the second field.

20. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which each of the at least some regions is arranged to operate in a two domain vertically aligned nematic mode for a second value of the second field.

21. A device as claimed in claim 20 , in which each further electrode of the at least some regions comprises a plurality of parallel finger portions.

22. A device as claimed in claim 21 , in which each counter-electrode of the at least some regions is divided into first and second halves separated by a gap and each further electrode is disposed on the counter-substrate and has a portion which covers the gap.

23. A device as claimed in claim 21 , in which the finger portions of all of the further electrodes are substantially parallel.

24. A device as claimed in claim 21 , in which the at least some regions are arranged as interlaced first and second sets with the further electrode finger portions of the second set being substantially perpendicular to the further electrode finger portions of the first set.

25. A device as claimed in claim 21 , in which the active matrix substrate and the counter-substrate are disposed between first and second linear polarisers whose transmission axes are perpendicular to each other, and

the transmission axes of the first and second polarisers are oriented substantially at 45° to the finger portions.

26. A device as claimed in claim 20 , in which each pixel electrode of the at least some regions has a plurality of substantially parallel elongate cut-outs.

27. A device as claimed in claim 26 , in which each further electrode of the at least some regions has portions disposed behind the cut-outs.

28. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which the pixel regions are arranged as groups of adjacent regions with each group constituting a pixel and having at least one of the at least some pixel regions.

29. A device as claimed in claim 28 , in which each group comprises at least one other pixel without a further electrode.

30. A device as claimed in claim 29 , in which each at least one other pixel region has a continuous pinwheel alignment.

31. A device as claimed in claim 29 , in which each at least one other pixel region has a multiple domain vertical alignment.

32. A device as claimed in claim 28 , in which the pixel electrode of each of the at least some pixel regions is divided into first and second halves separated by a gap,

the at least some pixel regions are arranged as third and fourth interlaced sets with the first electrode halves of the third set being arranged to receive a first bias voltage having a first polarity with respect to the second electrode halves of the third set and with the first electrode halves of the fourth set being arranged to receive a second bias voltage having a second polarity opposite the first polarity with respect to the second electrode halves of the fourth set, and

each of the third and fourth sets comprises a single pixel and the pixels are arranged to display spatially interlaced first and second images.

33. A device as claimed in claim 1 , in which the active matrix substrate and the counter-substrate are disposed between first and second linear polarisers whose transmission axes are perpendicular to each other.