Processes for producing palladium nanoparticle inks
A process for preparing a palladium nanoparticle ink comprises reacting a reaction mixture comprising a palladium salt, a stabilizer, a reducing agent, and an optional solvent to directly form the palladium nanoparticle ink. During the formation of the palladium nanoparticle ink, the palladium nanoparticles are not isolated from the reaction mixture.
1. A process for preparing a palladium nanoparticle ink, comprising reacting a reaction mixture comprising a palladium salt, a stabilizer, a reducing agent, and a solvent to directly form the palladium nanoparticle ink;
wherein the molar ratio of the reducing agent to the palladium salt in the reaction mixture is from about 1:1 to about 5:1; and
wherein directly forming the palladium nanoparticle ink occurs without isolation of the palladium nanoparticles from the reaction mixture.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the palladium salt is selected from the group consisting of palladium carboxylate, palladium acetate, palladium chloride, palladium bromide, palladium iodide, palladium nitrate, palladium sulfate, palladium cyanide, (ethylenediamine)palladium chloride, bis(ethylenediamine)palladium chloride, tetraaminepalladium bromide, tetraaminepalladium bromide monohydrate, tetraaminepalladium chloride, tetraaminepalladium chloride monohydrate, bis(acetylacetonato) palladium, and diamine-dinitro-palladium.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the stabilizer is an organoamine selected from the group consisting of propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, tridecylamine, tetradecylamine, pentadecylamine, hexadecylamine, heptadecylamine, octadecylamine, N,N-dimethylamine, N,N-dipropylamine, N,N-dibutylamine, N,N-dipentylamine, N,N-dihexylamine, N,N-diheptylamine, N,N-dioctylamine, N,N-dinonylamine, N,N-didecylamine, N,N-diundecylamine, N,N-didodecylamine, methylpropylamine, ethylpropylamine, propylbutylamine, ethylbutylamine, ethylpentylamine, propylpentylamine, butylpentylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, tripentylamine, trihexylamine, triheptylamine, trioctylamine, 1,2-ethylenediamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, propane-1,3-diamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylpropane-1,3-diamine, butane-1,4-diamine, and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylbutane-1,4-diamine, or a mixture thereof.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of an alkane having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, an alcohol having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, an isoparaffin hydrocarbon, toluene, mesitylene, xylene, ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene, trimethyl benzene, methyl ethylbenzene, tetrahydronaphthalene, benzene, cyclohexane, decalin, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene; trichlorobenzene; nitrobenzene; cyanobenzene; and mixtures thereof.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reducing agent is a hydrazine compound, a borane compound, or a mixture thereof.
6. The process of claim 5 , wherein the reducing agent is a hydrazine compound of the formula:
R 1 R 2 N—NR 3 R 4
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the stabilizer to the palladium salt in the reaction mixture is from about 1:1 to about 10:1.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the palladium salt is from about 5 to about 80 wt % of the reaction mixture.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reaction mixture is reacted at a temperature of from about 20° C. to about 70° C.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein palladium nanoparticles are from about 5 to about 80 wt % of the palladium nanoparticle ink.
11. A process for preparing a palladium nanoparticle ink, comprising:
preparing an initial mixture comprising a palladium salt, a stabilizer, and solvent;
adding a reducing agent to the initial mixture to form a reaction mixture, and the molar ratio of the reducing agent to the palladium salt in the reaction mixture is from about 1:1 to about 5:1;
mixing the reaction mixture to reduce at least a portion of the palladium salt to directly obtain the palladium nanoparticle ink without isolation of the palladium nanoparticles from the reaction mixture; and
optionally diluting the ink by adding additional solvent.
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the stabilizer is an organoamine.
13. The process of claim 11 , wherein the reducing agent is an organohydrazine.
14. The process of claim 11 , wherein the solvent is a hydrocarbon solvent.
15. The process of claim 11 , wherein the molar ratio of the stabilizer to the palladium salt in the reaction mixture is from about 1:1 to about 10:1.